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Продвинутый Словарный Запас для TOEFL - Я Мыслю, Следовательно, Я Существую!
Здесь вы выучите некоторые английские слова о мышлении, такие как «этика», «нигилизм», «бытие» и т. д., необходимые для сдачи экзамена TOEFL.
Обзор
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Тест
the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles
этика
the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied
эпистемология
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
гуманизм
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
метафизика
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
онтология
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
детерминизм
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
гедонизм
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
идеализм
a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience
эмпиризм
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
экзистенциализм
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
материализм
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
нигилизм
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
позитивизм
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
прагматизм
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
рационализм
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
схоластика
the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable
скептицизм
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
стоицизм
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
субъективизм
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
утилитаризм
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
феноменология
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
отчуждённость
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
априорный
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
апостериорный
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
догма
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
логика
the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art
эстетика
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
мудрость
a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude
софист
