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Продвинутый Словарный Запас для TOEFL - Я Мыслю, Следовательно, Я Существую!

Здесь вы узнаете некоторые английские слова о мышлении, такие как "этика", "нигилизм", "бытие" и т.д., которые необходимы для экзамена TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[существительное]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

этика

этика

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epistemology
epistemology
[существительное]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

эпистемология

эпистемология

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
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humanism
humanism
[существительное]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

гуманизм

гуманизм

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metaphysics
metaphysics
[существительное]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

метафизика

метафизика

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 
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ontology
ontology
[существительное]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

онтология

онтология

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
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determinism
determinism
[существительное]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

детерминизм

детерминизм

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hedonism
hedonism
[существительное]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

гедонизм

гедонизм

Ex: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism. 
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idealism
idealism
[существительное]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

идеализм

идеализм

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empiricism
empiricism
[существительное]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

эмпиризм

эмпиризм

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 
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existentialism
existentialism
[существительное]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

экзистенциализм

экзистенциализм

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materialism
materialism
[существительное]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

материализм

материализм

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nihilism
nihilism
[существительное]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

нигилизм

нигилизм

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
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positivism
positivism
[существительное]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

позитивизм

позитивизм

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pragmatism
pragmatism
[существительное]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

прагматизм

прагматизм

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
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rationalism
rationalism
[существительное]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

рационализм

рационализм

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scholasticism
scholasticism
[существительное]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

схоластика

схоластика

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skepticism
skepticism
[существительное]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

скептицизм

скептицизм

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stoicism
stoicism
[существительное]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

стоицизм

стоицизм

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
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subjectivism
subjectivism
[существительное]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

субъективизм

субъективизм

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
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utilitarianism
utilitarianism
[существительное]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

утилитаризм

утилитаризм

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
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phenomenology
phenomenology
[существительное]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

феноменология

феноменология

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alienation
alienation
[существительное]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

отчуждённость

отчуждённость

Ex: The constant moving left her with a deep sense of alienation from her peers. 
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a priori
a priori
[прилагательное]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

априорный

априорный

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a posteriori
a posteriori
[прилагательное]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

апостериорный

апостериорный

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being
being
[существительное]

the state of existing

существо

существо

Ex: The philosophy class explored the concept of being and what it means to truly exist. 
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nothingness
nothingness
[существительное]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

небытие

небытие

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consciousness
consciousness
[существительное]

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

сознание

сознание

Ex: His political consciousness influenced his voting choices. 
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dogma
dogma
[существительное]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

догма

догма

Ex: The church's dogma was strictly enforced, leaving no room for dissenting opinions. 
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logic
logic
[существительное]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

логика

логика

Ex: When faced with a difficult decision, she always relied on logic rather than letting her emotions take over. 
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virtue
virtue
[существительное]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

добродетель

добродетель

Ex: Patience is often seen as a great virtue. 
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aesthetics
aesthetics
[существительное]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

эстетика

эстетика

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wisdom
wisdom
[существительное]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

мудрость

мудрость

Ex: The wisdom of the elderly woman was evident in the way she calmly solved problems that others found overwhelming. 
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sophist
sophist
[существительное]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

софист

софист

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