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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Naiisip ko, samakatuwid ako ay!

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa pag-iisip, tulad ng "etika", "nihilismo", "pagiging", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etika

etika

epistemology
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemolohiya, teorya ng kaalaman

epistemolohiya, teorya ng kaalaman

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.Ang kanyang papel sa reporma sa edukasyon ay tumugon hindi lamang sa mga patakaran kundi pati na rin sa mga pangunahing isyu sa pilosopiya ng kaalaman at **epistemolohiya**.
humanism
[Pangngalan]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanismo, ang humanismo

humanismo, ang humanismo

metaphysics
[Pangngalan]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metapisika, unang pilosopiya

metapisika, unang pilosopiya

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Maraming sinaunang pilosopo, tulad nina Plato at Aristotle, ang nagbigay ng malaking kontribusyon sa larangan ng **metapisika**.
ontology
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontolohiya

ontolohiya

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Sa kontemporaryong pilosopiya, ang **ontolohiya** ay nagsasalubong sa iba pang disiplina tulad ng lohika, metapisika, at epistemolohiya, na humuhubog sa ating pag-unawa sa pangunahing istruktura ng realidad.
determinism
[Pangngalan]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinismo, patalismo

determinismo, patalismo

hedonism
[Pangngalan]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hedonismo

hedonismo

Ex: Critics of hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .Ang mga kritiko ng **hedonismo** ay nagtatalo na ang labis na pagtuon sa kasiyahan ay maaaring humantong sa pagiging makasarili at pagpapabaya sa mga responsibilidad at pangmatagalang layunin.
idealism
[Pangngalan]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealismo, paniniwala sa pangunguna ng mga ideya

idealismo, paniniwala sa pangunguna ng mga ideya

empiricism
[Pangngalan]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirisismo, eksperimentalismo

empirisismo, eksperimentalismo

Ex: Critics of empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .Ang mga kritiko ng **empiricism** ay nagtatalo na maaari itong magwalang-bahala sa kahalagahan ng a priori na kaalaman at ang likas na mga istruktura ng isip na nakakaimpluwensya sa kung paano natin napaghahalata at binibigyang-kahulugan ang mga karanasan.
existentialism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

eksistensyalismo

eksistensyalismo

materialism
[Pangngalan]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materyalismo, pilosopiyang materyalista

materyalismo, pilosopiyang materyalista

nihilism
[Pangngalan]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilismo, pagtanggi

nihilismo, pagtanggi

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .Bagaman ang **nihilismo** ay madalas na nauugnay sa kawalan ng pag-asa at pesimismo, itinuturing ito ng ilang pilosopo bilang isang nagpapalayang pilosopiya na nagpapalaya sa mga indibidwal mula sa mga hadlang ng kinaugaliang moralidad at ideolohiya.
positivism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positibismo

positibismo

pragmatism
[Pangngalan]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo, pilosopiyang pragmatiko

pragmatismo, pilosopiyang pragmatiko

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Ang mga debate sa mga pilosopo tungkol sa mga merito ng idealism laban sa **pragmatism** ay may malalim na ugat sa kasaysayan ng pilosopikong pag-iisip.
rationalism
[Pangngalan]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rasyonalismo, ang rasyonalismo

rasyonalismo, ang rasyonalismo

scholasticism
[Pangngalan]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

eskolastisismo, pilosopiyang eskolastiko

eskolastisismo, pilosopiyang eskolastiko

skepticism
[Pangngalan]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

esceptisismo

esceptisismo

stoicism
[Pangngalan]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismo, pilosopiyang stoiko

stoicismo, pilosopiyang stoiko

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Sa pag-aaral na makilala ang nasa at wala sa ating kontrol, ang **stoicism** ay nagbibigay ng mga kasangkapan para sa kapayapaang loob.
subjectivism
[Pangngalan]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subhetibismo, doktrina ng subhetibismo

subhetibismo, doktrina ng subhetibismo

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Ang debate sa pagitan ng objectivism at **subjectivism** sa pilosopiya ay umiikot sa kung ang mga pahayag na moral at epistemological ay maaaring mabatay sa objective reality o likas na subjective.
utilitarianism
[Pangngalan]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarianismo, doktrina ng kapakinabangan

utilitarianismo, doktrina ng kapakinabangan

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .Ang **utilitarianism** ay madalas na inilalapat sa mga larangan tulad ng patakaran sa publiko, ekonomiya, at etika, kung saan ang mga desisyon ay ginagawa sa layuning i-maximize ang kapakanan ng lipunan o utility.
phenomenology
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

penomenolohiya, pag-aaral ng mga penomeno

penomenolohiya, pag-aaral ng mga penomeno

alienation
[Pangngalan]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

pagkakaiba, pag-iisa

pagkakaiba, pag-iisa

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .Habang ipinakilala ang mga bagong patakaran, nadama ng mga empleyado ang tumataas na **pagkakahiwalay** mula sa pamamahala.
a priori
[pang-uri]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

a posteriori
[pang-uri]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
[Pangngalan]

the state of existing

pagkatao, pag-iral

pagkatao, pag-iral

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.Ang gawa ng artista ay sumasalamin sa isang malalim na paggalugad ng **pagiging** tao at ang mga kumplikado ng buhay.
nothingness
[Pangngalan]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

kawalan, walang laman

kawalan, walang laman

consciousness
[Pangngalan]

the state of being sensible and aware

kamalayan, malay-tao

kamalayan, malay-tao

dogma
[Pangngalan]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma, paniniwala

dogma, paniniwala

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .Ang **dogma** ng kulto ay nangangailangan ng mga tagasunod na sumunod sa isang hanay ng mahigpit at hindi matututulang mga patakaran.
logic
[Pangngalan]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

lohika

lohika

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .
virtue
[Pangngalan]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

birtud, katangian

birtud, katangian

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.Maraming kultura ang nagtuturo na ang kababaang-loob ay isang pangunahing **birtud**.
aesthetics
[Pangngalan]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetika

estetika

wisdom
[Pangngalan]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

karunungan

karunungan

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .Maraming kultura ang nagpapahalaga sa **karunungan** bilang isang pangunahing birtud, na naniniwalang ang karanasan at kaalaman ay humahantong sa mas mahusay na mga pagpipilian sa buhay.
sophist
[Pangngalan]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sopista, guro ng pilosopiya at retorika sa sinaunang Gresya na may mapag-alinlangang saloobin

sopista, guro ng pilosopiya at retorika sa sinaunang Gresya na may mapag-alinlangang saloobin

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