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Avancerat Ordförråd för TOEFL - Jag tänker, alltså är jag!

Här kommer du att lära dig några engelska ord om tänkande, såsom "etik", "nihilism", "varelse", etc., som behövs för TOEFL-provet.

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ethics
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etik

etik

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epistemology
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

kunskapsteori, epistemologi

kunskapsteori, epistemologi

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.Hennes uppsats om utbildningsreform behandlade inte bara policyer utan också underliggande frågor inom kunskapsfilosofi och **epistemologi**.
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humanism
[Substantiv]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanism, humanismen

humanism, humanismen

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metaphysics
[Substantiv]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafysik, första filosofi

metafysik, första filosofi

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Många antika filosofer, som Platon och Aristoteles, gjorde betydande bidrag till området **metafysik**.
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ontology
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologi

ontologi

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .I samtidsfilosofin skär **ontologi** andra discipliner som logik, metafysik och kunskapsteori, och formar vår förståelse av verklighetens grundläggande struktur.
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determinism
[Substantiv]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinism, fatalism

determinism, fatalism

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hedonism
[Substantiv]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hedonism

hedonism

Ex: Critics of hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .Kritiker av **hedonism** hävdar att en överdriven fokus på njutning kan leda till själviskhet och en försummelse av ansvar och långsiktiga mål.
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idealism
[Substantiv]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealism, tro på idéers förrang

idealism, tro på idéers förrang

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empiricism
[Substantiv]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirism, experimentalism

empirism, experimentalism

Ex: Critics of empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .Kritiker av **empirism** hävdar att det kan förbise betydelsen av a priori kunskap och de medfödda strukturerna i sinnet som påverkar hur vi uppfattar och tolkar erfarenheter.
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existentialism
[Substantiv]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existentialism

existentialism

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materialism
[Substantiv]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialism, materialistisk filosofi

materialism, materialistisk filosofi

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nihilism
[Substantiv]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilism, förnekelse

nihilism, förnekelse

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .Även om **nihilism** ofta förknippas med förtvivlan och pessimism, ser vissa filosofer det som en befriande filosofi som frigör individer från begränsningarna av konventionell moral och ideologi.
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positivism
[Substantiv]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivism

positivism

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pragmatism
[Substantiv]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatism, pragmatisk filosofi

pragmatism, pragmatisk filosofi

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .Debatterna bland filosofer om fördelarna med idealism kontra **pragmatism** har djupa rötter i den filosofiska tankens historia.
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rationalism
[Substantiv]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rationalism, rationalismen

rationalism, rationalismen

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scholasticism
[Substantiv]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

skolastik, skolastisk filosofi

skolastik, skolastisk filosofi

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skepticism
[Substantiv]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skepticism

skepticism

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stoicism
[Substantiv]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicism, stoisk filosofi

stoicism, stoisk filosofi

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Genom att lära sig skilja mellan vad som är och inte är inom vår kontroll, ger **stoicism** verktyg för inre frid.
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subjectivism
[Substantiv]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivism, läran om subjektivism

subjektivism, läran om subjektivism

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Debatten mellan objektivism och **subjektivism** i filosofen kretsar kring frågan om moraliska och epistemologiska påståenden kan grundas i objektiv verklighet eller är inneboende subjektiva.
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utilitarianism
[Substantiv]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarism, nyttolära

utilitarism, nyttolära

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .**Utilitarism** tillämpas ofta inom områden som offentlig politik, ekonomi och etik, där beslut fattas med syftet att maximera social välfärd eller nytta.
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phenomenology
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologi, studiet av fenomen

fenomenologi, studiet av fenomen

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alienation
[Substantiv]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

främlingskap, isolering

främlingskap, isolering

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .När nya policyer infördes kände anställda en ökande **främlingskap** från ledningen.
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a priori
[adjektiv]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

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a posteriori
[adjektiv]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

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being
[Substantiv]

the state of existing

varelse, existens

varelse, existens

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.Konstnärens arbete speglar en djup utforskning av det mänskliga **varet** och livets komplexiteter.
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nothingness
[Substantiv]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

intighet, tomhet

intighet, tomhet

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consciousness
[Substantiv]

the state of being sensible and aware

medvetande, medvetenhet

medvetande, medvetenhet

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dogma
[Substantiv]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogm, tro

dogm, tro

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .Kultens **dogma** krävde att anhängarna följde en uppsättning rigida och obestridliga regler.
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logic
[Substantiv]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logik

logik

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .
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virtue
[Substantiv]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

dygd, egenskap

dygd, egenskap

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.Många kulturer lär att ödmjukhet är en nyckel**dygd**.
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aesthetics
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetik

estetik

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wisdom
[Substantiv]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

visdom

visdom

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .Många kulturer värdesätter **visdom** som en nyckeldygd, i tron att erfarenhet och kunskap leder till bättre val i livet.
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sophist
[Substantiv]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofist, lärare i filosofi och retorik i antikens Grekland med en skeptisk attityd

sofist, lärare i filosofi och retorik i antikens Grekland med en skeptisk attityd

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