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Avancerat Ordförråd för TOEFL - Jag tänker, därför är jag!

Här får du lära dig några engelska ord om tänkande, som "etik", "nihilism", "vara" etc. som behövs för TOEFL-provet.

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ethics

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etik

etik

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epistemology

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologi

epistemologi

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humanism

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanism

humanism

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metaphysics

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafysik

metafysik

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ontology

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologi

ontologi

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determinism

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinism

determinism

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hedonism

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hedonism

hedonism

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idealism

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealism, idealism

idealism, idealism

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empiricism

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirism

empirism

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existentialism

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existentialism

existentialism

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materialism

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialism

materialism

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nihilism

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilism

nihilism

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positivism

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivism

positivism

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pragmatism

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatism

pragmatism

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rationalism

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rasionalism

rasionalism

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scholasticism

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

skolastik, skolastisk filosofi

skolastik, skolastisk filosofi

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skepticism

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skepticism

skepticism

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stoicism

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicism

stoicism

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subjectivism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivism, subjektivitet

subjektivism, subjektivitet

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utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarism

utilitarism

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phenomenology

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologi

fenomenologi

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alienation

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

främlingskap, utanförskap

främlingskap, utanförskap

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a priori

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori, förhands

a priori, förhands

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a posteriori

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori, empirisk

a posteriori, empirisk

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being

the state of existing

varande, existens

varande, existens

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nothingness

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

ingenting, tomhet

ingenting, tomhet

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consciousness

the state of being sensible and aware

medvetande, medvetenhet

medvetande, medvetenhet

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dogma

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogm

dogm

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logic

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logik, resonemang

logik, resonemang

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virtue

attitudes or manners exhibiting high moral standards

dygd, moral

dygd, moral

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aesthetics

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetik

estetik

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wisdom

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

visdom

visdom

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sophist

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofist, filosof

sofist, filosof

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