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Avancerat Ordförråd för TOEFL - Jag Tänker, Alltså Är Jag!

Här kommer du att lära dig några engelska ord om tänkande, såsom "etik", "nihilism", "varelse", etc., som behövs för TOEFL-provet.

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ethics
ethics
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etik

etik

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epistemology
epistemology
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

kunskapsteori, epistemologi

kunskapsteori, epistemologi

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
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humanism
humanism
[Substantiv]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanism, humanismen

humanism, humanismen

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metaphysics
metaphysics
[Substantiv]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafysik, första filosofi

metafysik, första filosofi

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 
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ontology
ontology
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologi

ontologi

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
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determinism
determinism
[Substantiv]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinism, fatalism

determinism, fatalism

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hedonism
hedonism
[Substantiv]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hedonism, hedonism

hedonism, hedonism

Ex: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism. 
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idealism
idealism
[Substantiv]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealism, tro på idéers förrang

idealism, tro på idéers förrang

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empiricism
empiricism
[Substantiv]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

empirism, empirism

empirism, empirism

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 
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existentialism
existentialism
[Substantiv]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existentialism

existentialism

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materialism
materialism
[Substantiv]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialism, materialistisk filosofi

materialism, materialistisk filosofi

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nihilism
nihilism
[Substantiv]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilism, nihilism

nihilism, nihilism

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
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positivism
positivism
[Substantiv]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivism

positivism

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pragmatism
pragmatism
[Substantiv]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatism, pragmatisk filosofi

pragmatism, pragmatisk filosofi

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
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rationalism
rationalism
[Substantiv]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

rationalism, rationalismen

rationalism, rationalismen

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scholasticism
scholasticism
[Substantiv]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

skolastik, skolastisk filosofi

skolastik, skolastisk filosofi

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skepticism
skepticism
[Substantiv]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skepticism

skepticism

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stoicism
stoicism
[Substantiv]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicism, stoisk filosofi

stoicism, stoisk filosofi

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
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subjectivism
subjectivism
[Substantiv]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivism, läran om subjektivism

subjektivism, läran om subjektivism

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
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utilitarianism
utilitarianism
[Substantiv]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarism, nyttolära

utilitarism, nyttolära

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
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phenomenology
phenomenology
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologi, studiet av fenomen

fenomenologi, studiet av fenomen

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alienation
alienation
[Substantiv]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

främlingskap, isolering

främlingskap, isolering

Ex: The constant moving left her with a deep sense of alienation from her peers. 
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a priori
a priori
[adjektiv]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

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a posteriori
a posteriori
[adjektiv]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

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being
being
[Substantiv]

the state of existing

varelse, existens

varelse, existens

Ex: The philosophy class explored the concept of being and what it means to truly exist. 
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nothingness
nothingness
[Substantiv]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

intighet, tomhet

intighet, tomhet

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consciousness
consciousness
[Substantiv]

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

medvetande, medvetenhet

medvetande, medvetenhet

Ex: His political consciousness influenced his voting choices. 
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dogma
dogma
[Substantiv]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogm, tro

dogm, tro

Ex: The church's dogma was strictly enforced, leaving no room for dissenting opinions. 
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logic
logic
[Substantiv]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logik

logik

Ex: When faced with a difficult decision, she always relied on logic rather than letting her emotions take over. 
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virtue
virtue
[Substantiv]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

dygd, egenskap

dygd, egenskap

Ex: Patience is often seen as a great virtue. 
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aesthetics
aesthetics
[Substantiv]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetik

estetik

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wisdom
wisdom
[Substantiv]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

visdom

visdom

Ex: The wisdom of the elderly woman was evident in the way she calmly solved problems that others found overwhelming. 
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sophist
sophist
[Substantiv]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofist, lärare i filosofi och retorik i antikens Grekland med en skeptisk attityd

sofist, lärare i filosofi och retorik i antikens Grekland med en skeptisk attityd

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