Erweiterter Wortschatz für den TOEFL - Ich denke, also bin ich!

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

Ethik

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

Epistemologie

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

Humanismus

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

Metaphysik

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

Ontologie

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

Determinismus

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

Hedonismus

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

Idealismus, Idealismus

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

Empirismus

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

Existenzialismus

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

Materialismus

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

Nihilismus

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

Positivismus

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

Pragmatismus

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

Rationalismus

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

Scholastik, Scholastizismus

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

Skeptizismus

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

Stoizismus

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

Subjektivismus, Subjektivität

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

Utilitarismus

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

Phänomenologie

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

Entfremdung, Entzugsgefühl

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

apriorisch

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori, empirisch

the state of existing

das Sein, Existenz

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

Nichts, Leere

the state of being sensible and aware

Bewusstsein, Bewusstseinszustand

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

Dogma

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

Logik, Überlegung

attitudes or manners exhibiting high moral standards

Tugend, Moral

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

Ästhetik

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

Weisheit

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

Sofist, Philosoph