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Vocabular Avansat pentru TOEFL - Gandesc, deci exist!

Aici veți învăța câteva cuvinte în limba engleză despre gândire, precum „etică”, „nihilism”, „ființă”, etc., care sunt necesare pentru examenul TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
[substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etica, morala

etica, morala

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epistemology
[substantiv]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologie, teoria cunoașterii

epistemologie, teoria cunoașterii

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humanism
[substantiv]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

umanism, umanitarism

umanism, umanitarism

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metaphysics
[substantiv]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafizică, metafizica

metafizică, metafizica

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ontology
[substantiv]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologie, ontologie filosofică

ontologie, ontologie filosofică

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determinism
[substantiv]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinism, doctrina determinismului

determinism, doctrina determinismului

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hedonism
[substantiv]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

hedonism, hedonistic

hedonism, hedonistic

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idealism
[substantiv]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealism, idealitate

idealism, idealitate

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empiricism
[substantiv]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirism, empiricitate

empirism, empiricitate

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existentialism
[substantiv]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existentialism, existenţialism

existentialism, existenţialism

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materialism
[substantiv]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialism, materialitate

materialism, materialitate

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nihilism
[substantiv]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nihilism, nihilismul

nihilism, nihilismul

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positivism
[substantiv]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

pozitivism, pozitivitate

pozitivism, pozitivitate

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pragmatism
[substantiv]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatism, pragmatismul

pragmatism, pragmatismul

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rationalism
[substantiv]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

raționalism, raţionalitate

raționalism, raţionalitate

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scholasticism
[substantiv]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

școlasticism, școlastică

școlasticism, școlastică

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skepticism
[substantiv]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skepticism, scepticism

skepticism, scepticism

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stoicism
[substantiv]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicism, stoicismul

stoicism, stoicismul

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subjectivism
[substantiv]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subiectivism, subiectivitate

subiectivism, subiectivitate

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utilitarianism
[substantiv]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarianism, utilitarism

utilitarianism, utilitarism

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phenomenology
[substantiv]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologie, fenomenalism

fenomenologie, fenomenalism

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alienation
[substantiv]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

alienare, străinătate

alienare, străinătate

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt alienation from management .
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a priori
[adjectiv]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori, dinainte

a priori, dinainte

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a posteriori
[adjectiv]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori, îndepărtat

a posteriori, îndepărtat

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being
[substantiv]

the state of existing

ființă, existență

ființă, existență

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nothingness
[substantiv]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

nimicnicie, inexistență

nimicnicie, inexistență

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consciousness
[substantiv]

the state of being sensible and aware

conștiință, conștiincios

conștiință, conștiincios

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dogma
[substantiv]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogmă, dogmatică

dogmă, dogmatică

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logic
[substantiv]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logică, raționament

logică, raționament

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virtue
[substantiv]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a virtue.
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aesthetics
[substantiv]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetică, estetica

estetică, estetica

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wisdom
[substantiv]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

înțelepciune, sagacitate

înțelepciune, sagacitate

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sophist
[substantiv]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofist, sofist creștin

sofist, sofist creștin

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