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Vocabular Avansat pentru TOEFL - Gândesc, deci exist!
Aici vei învăța câteva cuvinte în engleză despre gândire, cum ar fi "etică", "nihilism", "ființă", etc., care sunt necesare pentru examenul TOEFL.
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the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied
epistemologie, teoria cunoașterii
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
umanism, umanismul
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
metafizică, filosofia întâi
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
ontologie
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
determinism, fatalism
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
hedonism
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
idealism, credința în primatul ideilor
a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience
empirism, experimentalism
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
existențialism
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
materialism, filozofie materialistă
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
nihilism, negare
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
pozitivism
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
pragmatism, filosofie pragmatică
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
raționalism, rațiunea
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
scolastică, filosofia scolastică
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
stoicism, filozofia stoică
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
subiectivism, doctrina subiectivismului
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
utilitarism, doctrina utilității
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
fenomenologie, studiul fenomenelor
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
alienare, izolare
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
a priori
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
a posteriori
the state of existing
ființă, existență
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
dogmă, crez
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
logică
a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person
virtute, calitate
the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art
estetică
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
înțelepciune
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