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Pokročilá Slovní Zásoba pro TOEFL - Myslím, Tedy Jsem!

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova o myšlení, jako je "etika", "nihilismus", "být" atd., která jsou potřebná pro zkoušku TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics
ethics
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etika

etika

epistemology
epistemology
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge

epistemologie, teorie poznání

epistemologie, teorie poznání

Ex: Epistemology asks how we can know anything with certainty. 
humanism
humanism
[Podstatné jméno]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

humanismus, lidskost

humanismus, lidskost

metaphysics
metaphysics
[Podstatné jméno]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafyzika, první filosofie

metafyzika, první filosofie

Ex: The concept of the soul is often explored within the realm of metaphysics. 
ontology
ontology
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologie

ontologie

Ex: Ontology explores questions about what exists, how entities relate to one another, and the fundamental nature of reality. 
determinism
determinism
[Podstatné jméno]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinismus, fatalismus

determinismus, fatalismus

hedonism
hedonism
[Podstatné jméno]

an ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life

hedonismus, hedonismus

hedonismus, hedonismus

Ex: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus developed theories of hedonism. 
empiricism
empiricism
[Podstatné jméno]

(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition

empirismus, empirismus

empirismus, empirismus

Ex: John Locke is a central figure in philosophical empiricism. 
existentialism
existentialism
[Podstatné jméno]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

existencialismus

existencialismus

materialism
materialism
[Podstatné jméno]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialismus, materialistická filozofie

materialismus, materialistická filozofie

nihilism
nihilism
[Podstatné jméno]

the rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions

nihilismus, nihilismus

nihilismus, nihilismus

Ex: Political nihilism often manifests as distrust of governments. 
positivism
positivism
[Podstatné jméno]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

pozitivismus

pozitivismus

pragmatism
pragmatism
[Podstatné jméno]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismus, pragmatická filozofie

pragmatismus, pragmatická filozofie

Ex: Philosophical pragmatism, as advocated by thinkers like William James, emphasizes the practical consequences of ideas and beliefs rather than their abstract or theoretical foundations. 
rationalism
rationalism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

racionalismus, rozumářství

racionalismus, rozumářství

scholasticism
scholasticism
[Podstatné jméno]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

scholastika, scholastická filozofie

scholastika, scholastická filozofie

skepticism
skepticism
[Podstatné jméno]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

skepticismus

skepticismus

stoicism
stoicism
[Podstatné jméno]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismus, stoická filozofie

stoicismus, stoická filozofie

Ex: Stoicism philosophy teaches that major life changes and loss, while painful, need not shatter one's inner strength and tranquility if one submits to fate. 
subjectivism
subjectivism
[Podstatné jméno]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

subjektivismus, doktrína subjektivismu

subjektivismus, doktrína subjektivismu

Ex: Subjectivism asserts that truth and morality are relative to individual perspectives, rejecting the existence of universal or objective standards. 
utilitarianism
utilitarianism
[Podstatné jméno]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarismus, doktrína užitečnosti

utilitarismus, doktrína užitečnosti

Ex: Utilitarianism holds that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the greatest good for the greatest number being the guiding principle. 
phenomenology
phenomenology
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologie, studium jevů

fenomenologie, studium jevů

alienation
alienation
[Podstatné jméno]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

odcizení, izolace

odcizení, izolace

Ex: The constant moving left her with a deep sense of alienation from her peers. 
a priori
a priori
[Přídavné jméno]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

a priori

a posteriori
a posteriori
[Přídavné jméno]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

a posteriori

being
being
[Podstatné jméno]

the state of existing

býtí, existence

býtí, existence

Ex: The philosophy class explored the concept of being and what it means to truly exist. 
nothingness
nothingness
[Podstatné jméno]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

nicota, prázdnota

nicota, prázdnota

consciousness
consciousness
[Podstatné jméno]

a person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain

vědomí, uvědomění

vědomí, uvědomění

Ex: His political consciousness influenced his voting choices. 
dogma
dogma
[Podstatné jméno]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma, víra

dogma, víra

Ex: The church's dogma was strictly enforced, leaving no room for dissenting opinions. 
logic
logic
[Podstatné jméno]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logika

logika

Ex: When faced with a difficult decision, she always relied on logic rather than letting her emotions take over. 
virtue
virtue
[Podstatné jméno]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

ctnost, vlastnost

ctnost, vlastnost

Ex: Patience is often seen as a great virtue. 
aesthetics
aesthetics
[Podstatné jméno]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetika

estetika

wisdom
wisdom
[Podstatné jméno]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

moudrost

moudrost

Ex: The wisdom of the elderly woman was evident in the way she calmly solved problems that others found overwhelming. 
sophist
sophist
[Podstatné jméno]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofista, učitel filozofie a rétoriky ve starověkém Řecku se skeptickým postojem

sofista, učitel filozofie a rétoriky ve starověkém Řecku se skeptickým postojem

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