Vocabolario Avanzato per il TOEFL - Penso, quindi lo sono!

Qui imparerai alcune parole inglesi sul pensiero, come "etica", "nichilismo", "essere", ecc., necessarie per l'esame TOEFL.

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ethics

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

etica

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epistemology

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

epistemologia

Ex: Her paper on education reform addressed not just policies but underlying issues in the philosophy of knowledge and epistemology.Il suo articolo sulla riforma dell'istruzione ha affrontato non solo le politiche ma anche i problemi sottostanti nella filosofia della conoscenza e nell'**epistemologia**.

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humanism

[sostantivo]

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

umanesimo

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metaphysics

[sostantivo]

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

metafisica

Ex: Many ancient philosophers , such as Plato and Aristotle , made significant contributions to the field of metaphysics.Molti antichi filosofi, come Platone e Aristotele, hanno dato contributi significativi al campo della **metafisica**.

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ontology

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

ontologia

Ex: In contemporary philosophy , ontology intersects with other disciplines such as logic , metaphysics , and epistemology , shaping our understanding of the fundamental structure of reality .Nella filosofia contemporanea, l'**ontologia** si interseca con altre discipline come la logica, la metafisica e l'epistemologia, plasmando la nostra comprensione della struttura fondamentale della realtà.

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determinism

[sostantivo]

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

determinismo

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hedonism

[sostantivo]

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

edonismo

Ex: Critics of hedonism argue that an excessive focus on pleasure can lead to selfishness and a neglect of responsibilities and long-term goals .I critici dell'**edonismo** sostengono che un'eccessiva attenzione al piacere possa portare all'egoismo e a una negligenza delle responsabilità e degli obiettivi a lungo termine.

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idealism

[sostantivo]

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

idealismo

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empiricism

[sostantivo]

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

empirismo

Ex: Critics of empiricism argue that it may overlook the importance of a priori knowledge and the inherent structures of the mind that influence how we perceive and interpret experiences .I critici dell'**empirismo** sostengono che potrebbe trascurare l'importanza della conoscenza a priori e delle strutture intrinseche della mente che influenzano il modo in cui percepiamo e interpretiamo le esperienze.

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existentialism

[sostantivo]

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

esistenzialismo

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materialism

[sostantivo]

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

materialismo

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nihilism

[sostantivo]

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

nichilismo

Ex: While nihilism is often associated with despair and pessimism , some philosophers view it as a liberating philosophy that frees individuals from the constraints of conventional morality and ideology .Sebbene il **nichilismo** sia spesso associato alla disperazione e al pessimismo, alcuni filosofi lo considerano una filosofia liberatoria che affranca gli individui dai vincoli della morale e dell'ideologia convenzionali.

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positivism

[sostantivo]

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

positivismo

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pragmatism

[sostantivo]

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

pragmatismo

Ex: The debates among philosophers regarding the merits of idealism versus pragmatism have deep roots in the history of philosophical thought .I dibattiti tra i filosofi riguardo ai meriti dell'idealismo contro il **pragmatismo** hanno radici profonde nella storia del pensiero filosofico.

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rationalism

[sostantivo]

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

razionalismo

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scholasticism

[sostantivo]

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

scolastica

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skepticism

[sostantivo]

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

scetticismo

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stoicism

[sostantivo]

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

stoicismo

Ex: By learning to distinguish between what is and is n't within our control , stoicism provides tools for inner peace .Imparando a distinguere tra ciò che è e ciò che non è sotto il nostro controllo, lo **stoicismo** fornisce strumenti per la pace interiore.

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subjectivism

[sostantivo]

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

soggettivismo

Ex: The debate between objectivism and subjectivism in philosophy revolves around whether moral and epistemological claims can be grounded in objective reality or are inherently subjective .Il dibattito tra oggettivismo e **soggettivismo** nella filosofia ruota attorno alla questione se le affermazioni morali ed epistemologiche possano essere radicate nella realtà oggettiva o siano intrinsecamente soggettive.

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utilitarianism

[sostantivo]

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

utilitarismo

Ex: Utilitarianism is often applied in fields such as public policy , economics , and ethics , where decisions are made with the aim of maximizing social welfare or utility .L'**utilitarismo** viene spesso applicato in campi come le politiche pubbliche, l'economia e l'etica, dove le decisioni vengono prese con l'obiettivo di massimizzare il benessere sociale o l'utilità.

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phenomenology

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

fenomenologia

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alienation

[sostantivo]

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

alienazione

Ex: As new policies were introduced , employees felt increasing alienation from management .Con l'introduzione di nuove politiche, i dipendenti hanno sentito una crescente **alienazione** dal management.

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a priori

[aggettivo]

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

a priori

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a posteriori

[aggettivo]

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

a posteriori

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being

[sostantivo]

the state of existing

esistenza

Ex: The artist's work reflects a deep exploration of human being and the complexities of life.Il lavoro dell'artista riflette una profonda esplorazione dell'**essere** umano e delle complessità della vita.

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nothingness

[sostantivo]

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

nulla

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consciousness

[sostantivo]

the state of being sensible and aware

coscienza

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dogma

[sostantivo]

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

dogma

Ex: The cult 's dogma required followers to adhere to a set of rigid and unquestionable rules .Il **dogma** del culto richiedeva ai seguaci di aderire a un insieme di regole rigide e indiscutibili.

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logic

[sostantivo]

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

logica

Ex: Parents often advise their children to approach problems with logic, setting emotions aside for clearer judgment .

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virtue

[sostantivo]

a positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person

virtù

Ex: Many cultures teach that humility is a key virtue.Molte culture insegnano che l'umiltà è una **virtù** chiave.

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aesthetics

[sostantivo]

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

estetica

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wisdom

[sostantivo]

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

saggezza

Ex: Many cultures value wisdom as a key virtue , believing that experience and knowledge lead to better choices in life .Molte culture valorizzano la **saggezza** come una virtù chiave, credendo che l'esperienza e la conoscenza portino a scelte migliori nella vita.

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sophist

[sostantivo]

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

sofista

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Vocabolario Avanzato per il TOEFL - Penso, quindi lo sono!