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IELTS のための語彙 (基本) - 言語と文法

ここでは、IELTS試験に必要な「article」、「determiner」、「abbreviation」など、言語と文法に関するいくつかの英単語を学びます。

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Words for Basic IELTS
abbreviation
abbreviation
[名詞]

the shortened form of a word, etc.

略語, 省略形

略語, 省略形

Ex: When writing a report, be sure to define any abbreviations the first time you use them. 

レポートを書く際は、初めて使用する略語を必ず定義してください。

active voice
active voice
[名詞]

(grammar) the voice in which the subject is the agent that does the action of the verb

能動態, 能動相

能動態, 能動相

adverbial
adverbial
[名詞]

(grammar) a word or phrase that adds more information to another word in sense of time, manner, degree or cause

副詞, 状況補語

副詞, 状況補語

apostrophe
apostrophe
[名詞]

the symbol ' used in writing to show possession or omission of letters or numbers

アポストロフィ, アポストロフィの記号

アポストロフィ, アポストロフィの記号

Ex: The apostrophe in "can't" indicates the omission of the letter "o." 

"can't"のアポストロフィは、文字"o"の省略を示しています。

article
article
[名詞]

(grammar) any type of determiner that shows whether we are referring to a particular thing or a general example of something

冠詞

冠詞

Ex: The teacher explained that 'the' is a definite article used to refer to specific items. 
auxiliary verb

a verb that is used with other verbs to indicate tense, voice, etc., such as do, have, and be

助動詞

助動詞

Ex: The teacher explained that auxiliary verbs like 'have' and 'will' help to form different tenses and aspects. 

先生は、'have'や'will'のような助動詞が異なる時制や相を形成するのに役立つと説明しました。

clause
clause
[名詞]

(grammar) a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and functions as a unit within a sentence

節, 句

節, 句

Ex: The teacher explained that a clause can be a full sentence or part of a sentence. 
conjunction
conjunction
[名詞]

a word or expression that connects words, phrases, or clauses

接続詞

接続詞

Ex: In the sentence "Mia stayed home because she was sick," "because" is a conjunction. 
contraction
contraction
[名詞]

a short form of a word or a group of words used instead of the full form

短縮, 短縮形

短縮, 短縮形

Ex: In casual speech, contractions like "don't" and "didn't" are frequently used. 

カジュアルなスピーチでは、「しない」や「しなかった」のような短縮形が頻繁に使われます。

determiner
determiner
[名詞]

(grammar) a word coming before a noun or noun phrase to specify its denotation

限定詞, 冠詞

限定詞, 冠詞

exclamation mark

a punctuation symbol (!) placed after a word, phrase, or sentence to indicate strong feeling or emphasis

感嘆符, 感嘆符

感嘆符, 感嘆符

Ex: The warning label included an exclamation mark to indicate danger. 

警告ラベルには危険を示すために感嘆符が含まれていました。

grammatical
grammatical
[形容詞]

connected to the rules or the study of grammar

文法的な, 文法に関連する

文法的な, 文法に関連する

Ex: Writing with grammatical accuracy is essential for effective communication and clarity. 

効果的なコミュニケーションと明確さのために、文法的に正確に書くことが不可欠です。

imperative verb

(grammar) a verb or verb phrase that expresses an order to do something

命令法の動詞, 命令法

命令法の動詞, 命令法

intonation
intonation
[名詞]

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

イントネーション

イントネーション

Ex: In phonetics, intonation refers to the pattern of rising and falling pitch in speech, which conveys meaning, emotion, and emphasis. 
intransitive verb

(grammar) a verb without a direct object

自動詞, 直接目的語を必要としない動詞

自動詞, 直接目的語を必要としない動詞

Ex: An intransitive verb is a verb that does not require a direct object to complete its meaning. 

自動詞とは、その意味を完成させるために直接目的語を必要としない動詞のことです。

transitive verb

(grammar) a verb that needs a direct object

他動詞, 直接目的語を必要とする動詞

他動詞, 直接目的語を必要とする動詞

Ex: A transitive verb is a verb that requires a direct object to complete its meaning. 

他動詞とは、その意味を完成させるために直接目的語を必要とする動詞です。

part of speech

(grammar) any of the grammatical classes that words are categorized into, based on their usage in a sentence

Ex: Nouns, verbs, and adjectives are all examples of a part of speech. 
passive voice

(in grammar) the form of a verb used when the grammatical subject is affected by the action of the verb, rather than performing it

受動態, 受身形

受動態, 受身形

Ex: Passive voice is often used when the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant. 

受動態は、行動の主体が不明または重要でない場合によく使用されます。

period
period
[名詞]

the symbol (.) used to end a declarative sentence or mark an abbreviation

終止符, ピリオド

終止符, ピリオド

Ex: Every complete statement must end with a period. 
prefix
prefix
[名詞]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

接頭辞

接頭辞

Ex: Understanding common prefixes, such as 'pre-' and 'dis-,' can help students decode unfamiliar words. 

'pre-'や'dis-'などの一般的な接頭辞を理解することは、生徒が知らない単語を解読するのに役立ちます。

suffix
suffix
[名詞]

(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word

接尾辞, 語尾

接尾辞, 語尾

Ex: Adding the suffix '-ly' to 'quick' changes the word to 'quickly,' turning it into an adverb. 

'quick'に接尾辞 '-ly'を追加すると、単語が'quickly'に変わり、副詞になります。

reflexive
reflexive
[形容詞]

(grammar) describing a word that indicates that the action of the verb affects the agent performing it

再帰的, 反射的

再帰的, 反射的

relative
relative
[形容詞]

(grammar) referring to a noun, clause or sentence that has come before

相対的

相対的

Ex: In the phrase "the book that I bought," "that" is a relative pronoun. 
to quote
to quote
[動詞]

to say the exact sentence or group of words someone else used in a movie, book, etc.

引用する, 再現する

引用する, 再現する

Ex: The coach quoted the motivational speech from "Rocky" to inspire his team. 
proper noun
proper noun
[名詞]

(grammar) the name of a place, person, country, etc. with its first letter capitalized

固有名詞, 固有の名詞

固有名詞, 固有の名詞

Ex: Paris is a proper noun because it names a specific city. 

固有名詞は特定の都市を名指すので固有名詞です。

common noun
common noun
[名詞]

(grammar) a noun that refers to an object or a concept in a category but not to a specific one

普通名詞, 一般名詞

普通名詞, 一般名詞

quotation mark

either of the symbols " " or ' ' used before and after a word or words to indicate the beginning and the end of a title or quoted remark, or to mark a jargon

引用符, クォーテーションマーク

引用符, クォーテーションマーク

Ex: She used quotation marks to enclose the title of the article. 

彼女は記事のタイトルを囲むために引用符を使いました。

object
object
[名詞]

(in grammar) a phrase or word that receives the action of a verb

目的語, 直接目的語

目的語, 直接目的語

Ex: Objects can be nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. 
abstract noun

(grammar) a noun that denotes a general quality or an idea, rather than a physical object or real world event

抽象名詞, 抽象的名詞

抽象名詞, 抽象的名詞

accent
accent
[名詞]

special prominence or emphasis given to a syllable, word, or musical note

アクセント,  強調

アクセント, 強調

Ex: In the word "hotel," the accent falls on the second syllable. 
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