a part of a larger system or process, with its specific qualities determined by the preceding adjectives
a set of facts or information that can be used to win an argument against someone or to criticize them

弾薬, 論拠

a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

アポリア, 矛盾

(of an ideology or opinion) not certain and could be backed up by facts and reasons

議論の余地がある, 主張可能な

to provide reasons when saying something is the case, particularly to persuade others that one is right

主張する, 論じる

a reason or sets of reasons presented to show the correctness or falsehood of an action or idea

論拠, 理由

something that can be used as a basis for criticism or punishment of someone
to keep repeating or stressing an idea, argument, etc., especially when it is unnecessary
to persuade a group of people to accept one's arguments by winning their support or sympathy

納得させる, 惹きつける

(of an argument or a theory) involving an idea or statement to prove something that is then used to prove the statement itself

円形の, 循環の

the fact of a theory or an argument continuously returning to the starting point, due to having a conclusion that has been assumed as a premise

円環性, 循環性

to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

反証する, 論駁する

an example or a fact that refutes or contradicts a theory, hypothesis, or a proposition

反例

the case that is a combination of collected facts and adopted methods presented by or on the behalf of the accused party so that they would be granted a judgment of acquittal

防御, 法律の防御

a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

弁証法

referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

弁証法的

to make something clear by emphasizing, or providing examples, proof, etc.
anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

証拠, エビデンス

to explain or describe something in detail, often in a formal or structured manner

詳述する, 肉付けする

used to introduce the first point in the series, especially in arguments or when stating one's opinions, reasons, etc.
used to state the first and foremost of a series of facts, opinions, questions etc., especially in an argument
