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意見と議論 - 議論を作る

ここでは、「主張」「議論の余地がある」「防御可能」など、議論を作る際に関連するいくつかの英単語を学びます。

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Words Related to Opinion and Argument
ad hominem
ad hominem
[形容詞]

(of an argument) directed against a person and not their point of view

ad hominem (議論の) 人に対して向けられ、その人の見解に対してではない

ad hominem (議論の) 人に対して向けられ、その人の見解に対してではない

a link in the chain

a part of a larger system or process, with its specific qualities determined by the preceding adjectives

Ex: Effective communication is the key link in the chain of a healthy relationship, helping partners understand each other's needs and concerns. 
ammunition
ammunition
[名詞]

a set of facts or information that can be used to win an argument against someone or to criticize them

弾薬, 議論の材料

弾薬, 議論の材料

Ex: The lawyer gathered substantial ammunition to strengthen her case in court. 

弁護士は法廷で自分の事件を強化するためにかなりの弾薬を集めた。

anyway
anyway
[副詞]

used to introduce a statement that confirms or supports a previous point

とにかく、いずれにせよ

とにかく、いずれにせよ

apologia
apologia
[名詞]

a formal written defense used to justify one's beliefs or opinions

弁明, 書かれた防御

弁明, 書かれた防御

aporia
aporia
[名詞]

a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

アポリア, 理論的な行き詰まり

アポリア, 理論的な行き詰まり

arguable
arguable
[形容詞]

(of an ideology or opinion) not certain and could be backed up by facts and reasons

議論の余地がある, 疑わしい

議論の余地がある, 疑わしい

Ex: The fairness of the election is arguable, with different viewpoints on the matter. 

選挙の公平性は議論の余地があり、この問題に関する異なる視点があります。

arguably
arguably
[副詞]

used to convey that a statement can be supported with reasons or evidence

おそらく、間違いなく

おそらく、間違いなく

Ex: He is arguably the best player in the league, consistently delivering outstanding performances. 

彼は間違いなくリーグで最高の選手で、常に優れたパフォーマンスを発揮しています。

to argue
to argue
[動詞]

to provide reasons when saying something is the case, particularly to persuade others that one is right

主張する, 議論する

主張する, 議論する

Ex: The student argued for the inclusion of diverse perspectives in the curriculum. 

その学生は、カリキュラムに多様な視点を含めることを主張した。

argument
argument
[名詞]

a reason or sets of reasons presented to show the correctness or falsehood of an action or idea

議論,  論拠

議論, 論拠

argumentation

the process or action of logical reasoning for persuading others

議論

議論

argumentative
argumentative
[形容詞]

(of a person) ready to argue and often arguing

議論好きな,  論争的な

議論好きな, 論争的な

Ex: His argumentative nature often leads to heated discussions with his peers. 

彼の議論好きな性格は、しばしば仲間との激しい議論につながります。

a stick to beat {sb/sth} with

something that can be used as a basis for criticism or punishment of someone

at the same time

used to introduce a second fact that must be taken into account

Ex: She defended her thesis at the same time as managing a lab. 
to belabor the point

to keep repeating or stressing an idea, argument, etc., especially when it is unnecessary

to [be] on (firm|solid) ground

to be in a strong position in an argument due to having all the facts

by extension

used for taking the situation or same line of argument one step further

to carry
to carry
[動詞]

to persuade a group of people to accept one's arguments by winning their support or sympathy

説得する, 支持を得る

説得する, 支持を得る

Ex: The CEO's address to the company carried the employees. 

CEOの会社への挨拶は従業員を説得した。

case
case
[名詞]

a series of facts supporting a theory or an argument

事件, 議論

事件, 議論

Ex: The lawyer built a strong case by presenting a series of compelling pieces of evidence. 

弁護士は一連の説得力のある証拠を提示することで強力な訴訟を構築した。

casuistry
casuistry
[名詞]

the practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way

詭弁, こじつけ

詭弁, こじつけ

circular
circular
[形容詞]

(of reasoning or argument) using a statement to prove itself

循環的, トートロジー的

循環的, トートロジー的

Ex: His explanation was criticized as circular reasoning. 

彼の説明は循環論法として批判された。

circularity
circularity
[名詞]

the fact of a theory or an argument continuously returning to the starting point, due to having a conclusion that has been assumed as a premise

循環性, 循環論法

循環性, 循環論法

to claim
to claim
[動詞]

to say that something is the case without providing proof for it

主張する, 断言する

主張する, 断言する

Ex: The explorer claimed to have discovered a hidden treasure. 

探検家は隠された宝物を発見したと主張した。

chink in {one's} armor

‌a weakness in someone's character or argument that can be used against them

弱点, 突かれやすい欠点

弱点, 突かれやすい欠点

Ex: His lack of experience was the chink in his armor. 

経験不足が彼の弱点だった。

claim
claim
[名詞]

a statement about the truth of something without offering any verification or proof

主張, 申し立て

主張, 申し立て

Ex: The author's claim of discovering a new species was questioned by the scientific community. 

著者の新種発見の主張は科学界によって疑問視されました。

to climb down

to move to a different opinion or to admit to one's mistakes

降りる, 過ちを認める

降りる, 過ちを認める

clincher
clincher
[名詞]

a fact, remark, or action that settles a dispute decisively

決定的な事実, 決め手となる証拠

決定的な事実, 決め手となる証拠

to concede
to concede
[動詞]

to reluctantly admit that something is true after denying it first

認める, しぶしぶ認める

認める, しぶしぶ認める

Ex: After a heated debate, he finally conceded that he might have been wrong. 

激しい議論の末、彼はついに自分が間違っていたかもしれないと認めた。

to confute
to confute
[動詞]

to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

論破する, 反駁する

論破する, 反駁する

Ex: The scientist confuted the flawed hypothesis with rigorous experimentation. 

科学者は厳密な実験により欠陥のある仮説を論破した。

consistently
consistently
[副詞]

in a way that is always the same

一貫して、着実に

一貫して、着実に

Ex: He consistently delivers high-quality work on every project. 

彼は一貫してすべてのプロジェクトで高品質の仕事を提供します。

to contend
to contend
[動詞]

to argue the truth of something

主張する, 弁護する

主張する, 弁護する

Ex: The lawyer contended that her client was innocent based on new evidence presented in court. 

弁護士は、法廷で提示された新しい証拠に基づいて、彼女の依頼人が無罪であると主張した。

corollary
corollary
[名詞]

a thing that is the direct or natural result of another

当然の結果, 帰結

当然の結果, 帰結

Ex: The rise in crime rates was a corollary of the economic downturn. 

犯罪率の上昇は経済低迷の帰結であった。

count
count
[名詞]

an individual argument, allegation, or item under discussion in reasoning or debate

訴因, 告発

訴因, 告発

Ex: The lawyer addressed each count in the indictment. 

弁護士は起訴状の各訴因に対処した。

counterargument

an opposing argument or viewpoint that challenges an idea or theory

反論, 対立する見解

反論, 対立する見解

Ex: She anticipated the counterarguments to her proposal and prepared strong rebuttals. 

彼女は自分の提案に対する反論を予期し、強力な反駁を準備した。

counterexample

an example or a fact that refutes or contradicts a theory, hypothesis, or a proposition

反例, 逆の例

反例, 逆の例

credible
credible
[形容詞]

able to be believed or relied on

信頼できる, 信用できる

信頼できる, 信用できる

Ex: After all the evidence was presented, her alibi seemed more credible than before. 

すべての証拠が提示された後、彼女のアリバイは以前よりも信頼できるように思えた。

defense
defense
[名詞]

a legal case or argument presented by the accused to deny guilt and seek acquittal

弁護, 弁明

弁護, 弁明

Ex: The defense argued that the defendant acted in self-defense. 

弁護側は、被告が正当防衛で行動したと主張した。

to defend
to defend
[動詞]

to support someone or try to justify an action, plan, etc.

守る, 支持する

守る, 支持する

Ex: She worked hard to defend her research against critics in the academic community. 

彼女は学界の批判者に対して自分の研究を擁護するために懸命に働いた。

defensible
defensible
[形容詞]

having a justifiable basis that can be supported or explained

防御可能な, 正当化できる

防御可能な, 正当化できる

Ex: His decision to leave early was defensible given the worsening weather conditions. 

悪化する気象条件を考慮すると、彼が早く帰る決断は正当化できるものでした。

dialectic
dialectic
[名詞]

a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

弁証法, 弁証法的方法

弁証法, 弁証法的方法

Ex: He studied the dialectic of opposing theories to refine his argument. 

彼は自分の議論を洗練させるために、対立する理論の弁証法を研究した。

dialectical
dialectical
[形容詞]

referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

弁証法的な, 弁証法に関する

弁証法的な, 弁証法に関する

Ex: The dialectical approach to reasoning involves engaging with opposing arguments to uncover underlying truths. 

推論に対する弁証法的アプローチは、根本的な真実を明らかにするために反対の議論と関わることを含みます。

to [drive] {sth} home

to make a point unmistakably clear by stressing it, providing proof, or using examples

Ex: The teacher drove home the importance of reviewing for the exam. 
evidence
evidence
[名詞]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

証拠, 根拠

証拠, 根拠

Ex: The detective collected fingerprints and other forensic evidence from the crime scene to aid in the investigation. 

探偵は調査を支援するために、犯罪現場から指紋やその他の法医学的証拠を収集した。

to flatten
to flatten
[動詞]

to thoroughly defeat someone in an argument, a contest, etc.

打ち負かす, 完敗させる

打ち負かす, 完敗させる

Ex: Despite his best efforts, she flattened him in the debate with her well-researched points and persuasive arguments. 

彼の最善の努力にもかかわらず、彼女はよく調べられたポイントと説得力のある議論で討論で彼を打ち負かした。

to flesh out
to flesh out
[動詞]

to explain or describe something in detail, often in a formal or structured manner

詳細に説明する, 展開する

詳細に説明する, 展開する

Ex: The professor will exposit the principles of economics during the lecture. 

教授は講義中に経済学の原則を詳しく説明します。

for a start

used to introduce the first point in the series, especially in arguments or when stating one's opinions, reasons, etc.

for starters

used to state the first and foremost of a series of facts, opinions, questions etc., especially in an argument

for that matter

used to convey that what one is saying about something is also true for another related thing

ちなみに, それに

ちなみに, それに

Ex: I don't like coffee, and, for that matter, I'm not a fan of tea either. 

私はコーヒーが好きではありません、そして、ちなみに、紅茶のファンでもありません。

furthermore
furthermore
[副詞]

used to introduce additional information

さらに, その上

さらに, その上

Ex: The research findings supported the hypothesis, and furthermore, they provided valuable insights into potential applications. 

研究結果は仮説を支持し、さらに、潜在的な応用に関する貴重な洞察を提供しました。

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