pattern

رائے اور دلیل - ایک دلیل بنانا

یہاں آپ دلیل بنانے سے متعلق کچھ انگریزی الفاظ سیکھیں گے جیسے "دعویٰ"، "قابل بحث"، اور "دفاعی"۔

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Words Related to Opinion and Argument
ad hominem
ad hominem
[صفت]

(of an argument) directed against a person and not their point of view

ad hominem (ایک دلیل کا) کسی شخص کے خلاف اور ان کے نقطہ نظر کے خلاف نہیں

ad hominem (ایک دلیل کا) کسی شخص کے خلاف اور ان کے نقطہ نظر کے خلاف نہیں

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a link in the chain

a part of a larger system or process, with its specific qualities determined by the preceding adjectives

Ex: Jane's attention to detail is a crucial link in the chain for quality control, ensuring the products meet the highest standards. 
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ammunition
ammunition
[اسم]

a set of facts or information that can be used to win an argument against someone or to criticize them

گولہ بارود, دلائل

گولہ بارود, دلائل

Ex: The lawyer gathered substantial ammunition to strengthen her case in court. 
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anyway
anyway
[حال]

used to introduce a statement that confirms or supports a previous point

بہر حال، کسی بھی طرح

بہر حال، کسی بھی طرح

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apologia
apologia
[اسم]

a formal written defense used to justify one's beliefs or opinions

معذرت, تحریری دفاع

معذرت, تحریری دفاع

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aporia
aporia
[اسم]

a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

اپوریا, نظریاتی گتھ

اپوریا, نظریاتی گتھ

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arguable
arguable
[صفت]

(of an ideology or opinion) not certain and could be backed up by facts and reasons

قابل بحث, مشکوک

قابل بحث, مشکوک

Ex: The fairness of the election is arguable, with different viewpoints on the matter. 
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arguably
arguably
[حال]

used to convey that a statement can be supported with reasons or evidence

بلا شبہ، شاید

بلا شبہ، شاید

Ex: He is arguably the best player in the league, consistently delivering outstanding performances. 
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to argue
to argue
[فعل]

to provide reasons when saying something is the case, particularly to persuade others that one is right

بحث کرنا, تکرار کرنا

بحث کرنا, تکرار کرنا

Ex: He argued that increasing funding for education would lead to long-term benefits for society. 
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argument
argument
[اسم]

a reason or sets of reasons presented to show the correctness or falsehood of an action or idea

دلیل,  بحث

دلیل, بحث

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argumentation

the process or action of logical reasoning for persuading others

دلیل

دلیل

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argumentative

(of a person) ready to argue and often arguing

بحث کرنے والا,  جھگڑالو

بحث کرنے والا, جھگڑالو

Ex: His argumentative nature often leads to heated discussions with his peers. 
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a stick to beat {sb/sth} with

something that can be used as a basis for criticism or punishment of someone

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at the same time

used to introduce a second fact that must be taken into account

Ex: She defended her thesis at the same time as managing a lab. 
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to belabor the point

to keep repeating or stressing an idea, argument, etc., especially when it is unnecessary

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to [be] on (firm|solid) ground

to be in a strong position in an argument due to having all the facts

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by extension
by extension
[فقرہ]

used for taking the situation or same line of argument one step further

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to carry
to carry
[فعل]

to persuade a group of people to accept one's arguments by winning their support or sympathy

راضی کرنا, حمایت حاصل کرنا

راضی کرنا, حمایت حاصل کرنا

Ex: The charismatic candidate was able to carry the audience with his compelling vision for the future. 
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case
case
[اسم]

a series of facts supporting a theory or an argument

کیس, دلیل

کیس, دلیل

Ex: The lawyer built a strong case by presenting a series of compelling pieces of evidence. 
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casuistry
casuistry
[اسم]

the practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way

حیلہ سازی, مغالطہ

حیلہ سازی, مغالطہ

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circular
circular
[صفت]

(of reasoning or argument) using a statement to prove itself

دائرہ وار, توتولوجیکل

دائرہ وار, توتولوجیکل

Ex: His explanation was criticized as circular reasoning. 
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circularity
circularity
[اسم]

the fact of a theory or an argument continuously returning to the starting point, due to having a conclusion that has been assumed as a premise

گولائی, گول استدلال

گولائی, گول استدلال

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to claim
to claim
[فعل]

to say that something is the case without providing proof for it

دعوی کرنا, کہنا بغیر ثبوت کے

دعوی کرنا, کہنا بغیر ثبوت کے

Ex: The controversial article regularly claims that a UFO sighting occurred last night. 
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chink in {one's} armor

‌a weakness in someone's character or argument that can be used against them

کمزور پہلو, نقص

کمزور پہلو, نقص

Ex: His lack of experience was the chink in his armor. 
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claim
claim
[اسم]

a statement about the truth of something without offering any verification or proof

دعوی, بیان

دعوی, بیان

Ex: His claim that he had seen a UFO was met with skepticism. 
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to climb down

to move to a different opinion or to admit to one's mistakes

نیچے اترنا, غلطی تسلیم کرنا

نیچے اترنا, غلطی تسلیم کرنا

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clincher
clincher
[اسم]

a fact, remark, or action that settles a dispute decisively

فیصلہ کن حقیقت, قطعیت ثبوت

فیصلہ کن حقیقت, قطعیت ثبوت

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to concede
to concede
[فعل]

to reluctantly admit that something is true after denying it first

مان لینا, ناچاقی سے تسلیم کرنا

مان لینا, ناچاقی سے تسلیم کرنا

Ex: After a heated debate, he finally conceded that he might have been wrong. 
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to confute
to confute
[فعل]

to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

تردید کرنا, غلط ثابت کرنا

تردید کرنا, غلط ثابت کرنا

Ex: The scientist confuted the flawed hypothesis with rigorous experimentation. 
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consistently
consistently
[حال]

in a way that is always the same

مسلسل، یکساں طور پر

مسلسل، یکساں طور پر

Ex: He consistently delivers high-quality work on every project. 
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to contend
to contend
[فعل]

to argue the truth of something

دعوی کرنا, بحث کرنا

دعوی کرنا, بحث کرنا

Ex: The lawyer contended that her client was innocent based on new evidence presented in court. 
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corollary
corollary
[اسم]

a thing that is the direct or natural result of another

نتیجہ, پیچیدہ

نتیجہ, پیچیدہ

Ex: The rise in crime rates was a corollary of the economic downturn. 
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count
count
[اسم]

an individual argument, allegation, or item under discussion in reasoning or debate

الزام, الزامات

الزام, الزامات

Ex: The lawyer addressed each count in the indictment. 
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counterargument

an opposing argument or viewpoint that challenges an idea or theory

مخالفت کرنے والا دلائل, متضاد نقطہ نظر

مخالفت کرنے والا دلائل, متضاد نقطہ نظر

Ex: She anticipated the counterarguments to her proposal and prepared strong rebuttals. 
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counterexample

an example or a fact that refutes or contradicts a theory, hypothesis, or a proposition

مثال مخالف, متضاد مثال

مثال مخالف, متضاد مثال

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credible
credible
[صفت]

able to be believed or relied on

قابل اعتماد, یقینی

قابل اعتماد, یقینی

Ex: After all the evidence was presented, her alibi seemed more credible than before. 
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defense
defense
[اسم]

a legal case or argument presented by the accused to deny guilt and seek acquittal

دفاع, حجت

دفاع, حجت

Ex: The lawyer prepared the defense carefully for trial. 
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to defend
to defend
[فعل]

to support someone or try to justify an action, plan, etc.

دفاع کرنا, حمایت کرنا

دفاع کرنا, حمایت کرنا

Ex: She worked hard to defend her research against critics in the academic community. 
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defensible
defensible
[صفت]

having a justifiable basis that can be supported or explained

قابل دفاع, جواز پیش کرنے کے قابل

قابل دفاع, جواز پیش کرنے کے قابل

Ex: His decision to leave early was defensible given the worsening weather conditions. 
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dialectic
dialectic
[اسم]

a structured method of reasoning in which truth is reached through the systematic exchange of logical arguments

جدلیات, جدلیاتی طریقہ

جدلیات, جدلیاتی طریقہ

Ex: The philosopher taught dialectic as a way to uncover inconsistencies in thought. 
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dialectical
dialectical
[صفت]

referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

جدلیاتی, جدلیات سے متعلق

جدلیاتی, جدلیات سے متعلق

Ex: The dialectical approach to reasoning involves engaging with opposing arguments to uncover underlying truths. 
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to [drive] {sth} home

to make a point unmistakably clear by stressing it, providing proof, or using examples

Ex: The teacher drove home the importance of reviewing for the exam. 
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evidence
evidence
[اسم]

anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

ثبوت, شہادت

ثبوت, شہادت

Ex: The prosecution presented compelling evidence, including DNA analysis and eyewitness testimony, to support their case. 
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to flatten
to flatten
[فعل]

to thoroughly defeat someone in an argument, a contest, etc.

کچلنا, مکمل طور پر شکست دینا

کچلنا, مکمل طور پر شکست دینا

Ex: Despite his best efforts, she flattened him in the debate with her well-researched points and persuasive arguments. 
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to flesh out
to flesh out
[فعل]

to explain or describe something in detail, often in a formal or structured manner

تفصیل سے بیان کرنا, تشریح کرنا

تفصیل سے بیان کرنا, تشریح کرنا

Ex: The professor will exposit the principles of economics during the lecture. 
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for a start
for a start
[فقرہ]

used to introduce the first point in the series, especially in arguments or when stating one's opinions, reasons, etc.

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for starters
for starters
[فقرہ]

used to state the first and foremost of a series of facts, opinions, questions etc., especially in an argument

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for that matter

used to convey that what one is saying about something is also true for another related thing

ویسے, اس معاملے میں

ویسے, اس معاملے میں

Ex: I don't like coffee, and, for that matter, I'm not a fan of tea either. 
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furthermore
furthermore
[حال]

used to introduce additional information

مزید برآں, اس کے علاوہ

مزید برآں, اس کے علاوہ

Ex: The research findings supported the hypothesis, and furthermore, they provided valuable insights into potential applications. 
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