a part of a larger system or process, with its specific qualities determined by the preceding adjectives
a set of facts or information that can be used to win an argument against someone or to criticize them

弹药, 证据支持
a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

矛盾状态, 困境
(of an ideology or opinion) not certain and could be backed up by facts and reasons

可以争辩的, 有争议的
used to convey that a statement can be supported with reasons or evidence

可以说, 可论证地
to provide reasons when saying something is the case, particularly to persuade others that one is right

辩论, 争论
a reason or sets of reasons presented to show the correctness or falsehood of an action or idea

论点, 论据
(of a person) ready to argue and often arguing

好争论的, 好辩的
something that can be used as a basis for criticism or punishment of someone
used to introduce a second fact that must be taken into account
to keep repeating or stressing an idea, argument, etc., especially when it is unnecessary
to persuade a group of people to accept one's arguments by winning their support or sympathy

说服, 感染
a series of facts supporting a theory or an argument

案例, 论据
the practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way

诡辩, 巧妙的推理
(of an argument or a theory) involving an idea or statement to prove something that is then used to prove the statement itself

循环的, 循环论证的
the fact of a theory or an argument continuously returning to the starting point, due to having a conclusion that has been assumed as a premise

循环性, 循环论证
to say that something is the case without providing proof for it

声称, 断言
a weakness in someone's character or argument that can be used against them
a statement about the truth of something without offering any verification or proof

主张, 声明
to reluctantly admit that something is true after denying it first

承认, 让步
to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

驳斥, 反驳
in a way that is always the same

始终, 一贯地
to argue the truth of something

争辩, 主张
a thing that is the direct or natural result of another

推论, 结果
an opposing argument or viewpoint that challenges an idea or theory

反驳论点, 对立论点
an example or a fact that refutes or contradicts a theory, hypothesis, or a proposition

反例, 对立例
able to be believed or relied on

可信的, 可靠的
the case that is a combination of collected facts and adopted methods presented by or on the behalf of the accused party so that they would be granted a judgment of acquittal

辩护, 辩护意见
to support someone or try to justify an action, plan, etc.

辩护, 支持
having a justifiable basis that can be supported or explained

可以辩护的, 有依据的
a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories

辩证法, 辩证思维
referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

辩证的, 辩论的
to make something clear by emphasizing, or providing examples, proof, etc.
anything that proves the truth or possibility of something, such as facts, objects, or signs

证据, 证明
to thoroughly defeat someone in an argument, a contest, etc.

彻底击败, 完胜
to explain or describe something in detail, often in a formal or structured manner

详尽叙述, 具体阐述
used to introduce the first point in the series, especially in arguments or when stating one's opinions, reasons, etc.
used to state the first and foremost of a series of facts, opinions, questions etc., especially in an argument
used to convey that what one is saying about something is also true for another related thing

顺便说一句, 再说了
used to introduce additional information

此外, 再者
