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Zaawansowane Słownictwo do TOEFL - Politics

Tutaj nauczysz się niektórych angielskich słów o polityce, takich jak "wyborczy", "koalicja", "dwustronny" itp., które są potrzebne do egzaminu TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
candidacy
candidacy
[Rzeczownik]

the state of being a candidate in an election

kandydatura, kandydatura

kandydatura, kandydatura

Ex: She announced her candidacy for mayor. 
electoral
electoral
[przymiotnik]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

wyborczy, elektoralny

wyborczy, elektoralny

Ex: The electoral system determines how representatives are chosen to serve in government. 
parliamentary
parliamentary
[przymiotnik]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parlamentarny, odnoszący się do parlamentu

parlamentarny, odnoszący się do parlamentu

Ex: The parliamentary system allows for the formation of a government based on the majority support in the legislature. 
congressional
congressional
[przymiotnik]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

kongresowy, dotyczący Kongresu

kongresowy, dotyczący Kongresu

Ex: Congressional hearings investigate issues and propose legislation. 
electoral college
electoral college
[Rzeczownik]

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

kolegium elektorów, elektorat

kolegium elektorów, elektorat

constituency
constituency
[Rzeczownik]

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

okręg wyborczy, elektorat

okręg wyborczy, elektorat

Ex: The candidate promised to address the concerns of their entire constituency. 
absentee ballot
absentee ballot
[Rzeczownik]

a vote sent by mail by someone who cannot go to the polling place

głosowanie korespondencyjne, głosowanie nieobecnych

głosowanie korespondencyjne, głosowanie nieobecnych

Ex: She requested an absentee ballot while studying abroad. 
chancellor
chancellor
[Rzeczownik]

the head of government or state in some countries, responsible for leading the executive branch

kanclerz, kanclerz

kanclerz, kanclerz

Ex: The chancellor addressed the nation on economic policy. 
activism
activism
[Rzeczownik]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

aktywizm, walka

aktywizm, walka

Ex: Her activism for environmental conservation has inspired many young people to join the cause. 
coalition
coalition
[Rzeczownik]

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

koalicja, sojusz

koalicja, sojusz

Ex: The coalition government was formed by two major political parties to ensure stability and consensus on key policy issues. 
referendum
referendum
[Rzeczownik]

a vote in which all the people of a country are asked to decide on one political question

referendum, głosowanie powszechne

referendum, głosowanie powszechne

Ex: Many people voted in the referendum. 
inauguration
inauguration
[Rzeczownik]

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

inauguracja

inauguracja

Ex: The inauguration of the new president was attended by thousands of spectators gathered on the National Mall. 
bilateral
bilateral
[przymiotnik]

concerning two groups or countries

dwustronny

dwustronny

Ex: The two nations signed a bilateral trade agreement. 
capitol
capitol
[Rzeczownik]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

Kapitol, budynek Kapitolu

Kapitol, budynek Kapitolu

apolitical
apolitical
[przymiotnik]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolityczny, niezainteresowany polityką

apolityczny, niezainteresowany polityką

Ex: Despite working in the political realm, Jane remained apolitical, focusing solely on humanitarian efforts rather than aligning with any party. 
autonomy
autonomy
[Rzeczownik]

(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control

autonomia

autonomia

Ex: The region fought for years to achieve autonomy from the central government. 
autonomous
autonomous
[przymiotnik]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

autonomiczny, niezależny

autonomiczny, niezależny

Ex: The region was granted autonomous status, allowing it to make its own political and economic decisions. 
secularism
secularism
[Rzeczownik]

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

sekularyzm, laicyzm

sekularyzm, laicyzm

Ex: Secularism is a core principle in the country's constitution. 
capitalism
capitalism
[Rzeczownik]

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

kapitalizm, system kapitalistyczny

kapitalizm, system kapitalistyczny

Ex: Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals and businesses own the means of production and operate for profit. 
liberalism
liberalism
[Rzeczownik]

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

liberalizm, doktryna liberalna

liberalizm, doktryna liberalna

Ex: Liberalism emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms, advocating for a society where people can express their views openly. 
colonialism
colonialism
[Rzeczownik]

the practice or policy of a nation controlling or ruling over foreign territories, often exploiting them economically and politically

kolonializm, polityka kolonialna

kolonializm, polityka kolonialna

Ex: The country's history is marked by centuries of colonialism. 
isolationism
isolationism
[Rzeczownik]

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

izolacjonizm

izolacjonizm

Ex: The country adopted a policy of isolationism to avoid foreign conflicts. 
populism
populism
[Rzeczownik]

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populizm, demagogia

populizm, demagogia

Ex: Populism in politics refers to a movement or approach that seeks to represent the interests and voices of ordinary people, often positioning itself against established elites or institutions. 
fascism
fascism
[Rzeczownik]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

faszyzm

faszyzm

Ex: Fascism rose to prominence in Europe during the early 20th century, leading to the establishment of totalitarian regimes. 
oligarchy
oligarchy
[Rzeczownik]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarchia, rządy małej grupy

oligarchia, rządy małej grupy

Ex: An oligarchy is a form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals or families. 
feudalism
feudalism
[Rzeczownik]

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

feudalizm, system feudalny

feudalizm, system feudalny

Ex: Feudalism structured medieval society into distinct classes with lords and vassals. 
idealism
idealism
[Rzeczownik]

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idealizm

idealizm

Ex: His idealism led him to work for social change in his community. 
demagogue
demagogue
[Rzeczownik]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagog, prowokator

demagog, prowokator

Ex: The demagogue stirred up emotions and exploited fears to gain support for his political agenda. 
confederation
confederation
[Rzeczownik]

a union or league of political entities or organizations, often for common purposes

konfederacja, związek

konfederacja, związek

Ex: The confederation of states agreed to share resources. 
federation
federation
[Rzeczownik]

the union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government

federacja, konfederacja

federacja, konfederacja

fanatic
fanatic
[Rzeczownik]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

fanatyk, ekstremista

fanatyk, ekstremista

Ex: The protest was peaceful until a group of fanatics began shouting radical slogans. 
nationalism
nationalism
[Rzeczownik]

strong pride in one's country and belief in its importance or superiority

nacjonalizm, patriotyzm

nacjonalizm, patriotyzm

Ex: Nationalism increased in many European countries before World War I. 
federalism
federalism
[Rzeczownik]

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

federalizm

federalizm

Ex: Federalism allows for a division of powers between the national government and state governments, promoting a balance of authority. 
imperialism
imperialism
[Rzeczownik]

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

imperializm, kolonializm

imperializm, kolonializm

Ex: The rise of imperialism in the 19th century led to the expansion of European empires. 
to lobby
to lobby
[Czasownik]

to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

lobbować, wywierać presję

lobbować, wywierać presję

Ex: The environmental group decided to lobby lawmakers for stricter regulations on carbon emissions. 
nonpartisan
nonpartisan
[przymiotnik]

not supporting any political party and remaining neutral in political matters

niezależny, bezpartyjny

niezależny, bezpartyjny

Ex: The committee is nonpartisan. 
rally
rally
[Rzeczownik]

a large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

wiec, zgromadzenie

wiec, zgromadzenie

Ex: Thousands of people attended the rally to support the candidate's platform on healthcare reform. 
utopia
utopia
[Rzeczownik]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopia, wyimaginowany raj

utopia, wyimaginowany raj

Ex: They dreamed of creating a utopia where everyone lived in harmony. 
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