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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Politique

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la politique, tels que "électoral", "coalition", "bilatéral", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
candidacy

the state of being a candidate in an election

candidature

candidature

Ex: His candidacy attracted strong support from young voters. 

Sa candidature a attiré un fort soutien des jeunes électeurs.

electoral
electoral
[Adjectif]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

électoral

électoral

Ex: Electoral campaigns involve candidates reaching out to voters to gain support. 
parliamentary
parliamentary
[Adjectif]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parlementaire

parlementaire

Ex: Parliamentary debates play a crucial role in shaping government policies and decisions. 

Les débats parlementaires jouent un rôle crucial dans la formation des politiques et des décisions gouvernementales.

congressional
congressional
[Adjectif]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

du congrès

du congrès

Ex: The congressional session typically lasts for two years. 
electoral college

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

collège électoral

collège électoral

constituency

the people in a particular area who are represented by an elected member of a parliament or legislature

électeurs

électeurs

Ex: Many people in the constituency attended the public meeting. 
absentee ballot

a vote sent by mail by someone who cannot go to the polling place

vote par procuration

vote par procuration

Ex: Many soldiers use absentee ballots during elections. 

De nombreux soldats utilisent des bulletins de vote par correspondance pendant les élections.

chancellor

the head of government or state in some countries, responsible for leading the executive branch

chancelier, chancelière

chancelier, chancelière

Ex: Germany's chancellor met with foreign leaders. 
activism

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

activisme

activisme

Ex: Activism played a crucial role in the civil rights movement, leading to significant legislative changes. 

L'activisme a joué un rôle crucial dans le mouvement des droits civiques, conduisant à des changements législatifs significatifs.

coalition

an alliance of different groups, political parties, or countries formed to work together for a particular purpose

coalition

coalition

Ex: Several community groups created a coalition to support the project. 
referendum

a public vote in which people in a country or area decide or express their opinion on an important political or social question

référendum

référendum

Ex: Voters rejected the proposal in a national referendum. 
inauguration

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

inauguration

inauguration

Ex: The mayor's inauguration ceremony took place in the city hall, where they were sworn into office by a judge. 

La cérémonie d'inauguration du maire a eu lieu à l'hôtel de ville, où il a été assermenté par un juge.

bilateral
bilateral
[Adjectif]

concerning two groups or countries

bilatéral

bilatéral

Ex: They held a bilateral meeting to discuss the new policy. 

Ils ont tenu une réunion bilatérale pour discuter de la nouvelle politique.

capitol
capitol
[nom]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

Capitole

Capitole

apolitical
apolitical
[Adjectif]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitique

apolitique

Ex: The apolitical nature of the book club allowed members to enjoy literature without engaging in debates about political affiliations. 

La nature apolitique du club de lecture a permis aux membres de profiter de la littérature sans s'engager dans des débats sur les affiliations politiques.

autonomy

the freedom of a country, region, or organization to govern itself independently

autonomie

autonomie

Ex: University leaders argued for more autonomy from central authorities. 
autonomous
autonomous
[Adjectif]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

autonome

autonome

Ex: The university operates as an autonomous institution, managing its own affairs independently of the government. 

L'université fonctionne comme une institution autonome, gérant ses propres affaires indépendamment du gouvernement.

secularism

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

sécularisme

sécularisme

Ex: The debate centered on whether secularism should influence public education. 

Le débat a porté sur la question de savoir si la laïcité devrait influencer l'éducation publique.

capitalism

an economic system in which property and businesses are primarily privately owned and operated for profit

capitalisme

capitalisme

Ex: Daniel studied the development of capitalism during the Industrial Revolution. 
liberalism

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

libéralisme

libéralisme

Ex: The principles of liberalism support democratic governance, ensuring that power is distributed and checked through free and fair elections. 

Les principes du libéralisme soutiennent la gouvernance démocratique, garantissant que le pouvoir est distribué et contrôlé par des élections libres et équitables.

colonialism

the practice or policy of a nation controlling or ruling over foreign territories, often exploiting them economically and politically

colonialisme

colonialisme

Ex: Colonialism often led to the suppression of local cultures. 

Le colonialisme a souvent conduit à la suppression des cultures locales.

isolationism

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

isolationnisme

isolationnisme

Ex: Critics argued that isolationism would hinder the nation's global influence. 

Les critiques ont soutenu que l'isolationnisme entraverait l'influence mondiale de la nation.

populism

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populisme

populisme

Ex: Leaders who embrace populism frequently use rhetoric that emphasizes the dichotomy between "the people" and "the elite," promising to return power to the common citizen. 

Les dirigeants qui adoptent le populisme utilisent fréquemment une rhétorique qui met en avant la dichotomie entre "le peuple" et "l'élite", promettant de rendre le pouvoir au citoyen ordinaire.

fascism
fascism
[nom]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

fascisme

fascisme

Ex: The novel explores the impact of fascism on individual freedoms and the society at large. 

Le roman explore l'impact du fascisme sur les libertés individuelles et la société dans son ensemble.

oligarchy

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarchie

oligarchie

Ex: The country's political system evolved into an oligarchy, with a wealthy elite controlling key decision-making processes. 

Le système politique du pays a évolué vers une oligarchie, avec une élite riche contrôlant les processus clés de prise de décision.

feudalism

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

féodalité

féodalité

Ex: Under feudalism, peasants worked the land in exchange for protection from local lords. 

Sous le féodalisme, les paysans travaillaient la terre en échange de la protection des seigneurs locaux.

idealism

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idéalisme

idéalisme

Ex: Idealism can sometimes conflict with the harsh realities of life. 

L'idéalisme peut parfois entrer en conflit avec les dures réalités de la vie.

demagogue

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

démagogue

démagogue

Ex: History is filled with examples of demagogues who manipulated the masses through charismatic speeches and appeals to populism. 

L'histoire est remplie d'exemples de démagogues qui ont manipulé les masses par des discours charismatiques et des appels au populisme.

confederation

a union or league of political entities or organizations, often for common purposes

confédération

confédération

Ex: Canada was formed as a confederation of provinces. 

Le Canada a été formé en tant que confédération de provinces.

federation

the act or process of joining separate organizations, regions, or other bodies to form a larger federation

fédération

fédération

Ex: Leaders discussed the possible federation of several regional unions. 
fanatic
fanatic
[nom]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

fanatique

fanatique

Ex: She was labeled a fanatic due to her unwavering belief in the cult's teachings. 

Elle a été qualifiée de fanatique en raison de sa croyance inébranlable dans les enseignements de la secte.

nationalism

strong pride in one's country and belief in its importance or superiority

nationalisme

nationalisme

Ex: Political leaders used nationalism to gain public support. 
federalism

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

fédéralisme

fédéralisme

Ex: The United States Constitution established a system of federalism to ensure that no single entity held too much power. 

La Constitution des États-Unis a établi un système de fédéralisme pour s'assurer qu'aucune entité ne détienne trop de pouvoir.

imperialism

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

impérialisme

impérialisme

Ex: Many historians view the colonization of Africa as a prime example of imperialism. 

De nombreux historiens considèrent la colonisation de l'Afrique comme un exemple parfait d'impérialisme.

to lobby
to lobby
[verbe]

to try to persuade politicians or officials to support or oppose a particular policy, law, or action

faire du lobbying

faire du lobbying

Ex: The organization is lobbying for stricter environmental laws. 
nonpartisan
nonpartisan
[Adjectif]

not supporting any political party and remaining neutral in political matters

apolitique

apolitique

Ex: We need a nonpartisan judge for the case. 

Nous avons besoin d'un juge non partisan pour cette affaire.

rally
rally
[nom]

a large public gathering held to show support for a cause, opinion, or group

rassemblement, meeting

rassemblement, meeting

Ex: The organization held a rally to raise awareness of the issue. 
utopia
utopia
[nom]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopie

utopie

Ex: The novel described a utopia with no conflict or poverty. 

Le roman décrivait une utopie sans conflit ni pauvreté.

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