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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Politique

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la politique, tels que "électoral", "coalition", "bilatéral", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL

the fact or condition of being a candidate in an election

candidature

candidature

electoral
[Adjectif]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

électoral

électoral

Ex: The electoral turnout in the last election was higher than expected , indicating increased civic engagement .La participation **électorale** aux dernières élections était plus élevée que prévu, indiquant un engagement civique accru.
parliamentary
[Adjectif]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parlementaire

parlementaire

Ex: The parliamentary session begins with the opening speech by the head of state or government .La session **parlementaire** commence par le discours d'ouverture du chef de l'État ou du gouvernement.
congressional
[Adjectif]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

du congrès

du congrès

Ex: The congressional budget process determines federal spending priorities .Le processus budgétaire **congressionnel** détermine les priorités de dépenses fédérales.

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

collège électoral

collège électoral

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

électeurs

électeurs

Ex: A survey was conducted to gauge the opinion of the constituency on the new tax reform .Un sondage a été réalisé pour évaluer l'opinion de la **circonscription** sur la nouvelle réforme fiscale.

a ballot filled out and mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is not able to attend the polls

vote par procuration

vote par procuration

the head of state in some countries, like Germany

chancelier, chancelière

chancelier, chancelière

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

activisme

activisme

Ex: She has been involved in activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .Elle est impliquée dans **l'activisme** depuis son adolescence, militant pour l'égalité des genres et les droits des femmes.

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

coalition

coalition

Ex: The trade union formed a coalition with student organizations to advocate for better working conditions and affordable education .Le syndicat a formé une **coalition** avec des organisations étudiantes pour plaider en faveur de meilleures conditions de travail et d'une éducation abordable.

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

référendum

référendum

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

inauguration

inauguration

Ex: The inauguration festivities included parades , concerts , and fireworks to celebrate the new administration .Les festivités d'**inauguration** comprenaient des défilés, des concerts et des feux d'artifice pour célébrer la nouvelle administration.
bilateral
[Adjectif]

concerning two groups or countries

bilatéral

bilatéral

Ex: A bilateral agreement was reached on environmental protection .Un accord **bilatéral** a été conclu sur la protection de l'environnement.
capitol
[nom]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

Capitole

Capitole

apolitical
[Adjectif]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitique

apolitique

Ex: The community center served as an apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .Le centre communautaire servait d'espace **apolitique**, accueillant tout le monde, quelles que soient ses convictions politiques, pour participer à des activités récréatives.

(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control

autonomie

autonomie

Ex: After gaining autonomy, the country established its own laws and governance structures .Après avoir obtenu **l'autonomie**, le pays a établi ses propres lois et structures de gouvernance.
autonomous
[Adjectif]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

autonome

autonome

Ex: The organization functions as an autonomous body , with its own executive board and administrative processes .L'organisation fonctionne comme un corps **autonome**, avec son propre conseil exécutif et ses propres processus administratifs.

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

sécularisme

sécularisme

Ex: The rise of secularism has led to more inclusive laws that respect all beliefs .

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

capitalisme

capitalisme

Ex: The collapse of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe marked a shift towards capitalism in those countries .L'effondrement des régimes socialistes en Europe de l'Est a marqué un virage vers le **capitalisme** dans ces pays.

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

libéralisme

libéralisme

Ex: Critics argue that liberalism can sometimes overlook the needs of marginalized groups , but its proponents believe that personal freedom and democratic institutions ultimately benefit everyone .Les critiques soutiennent que le **libéralisme** peut parfois négliger les besoins des groupes marginalisés, mais ses partisans croient que la liberté personnelle et les institutions démocratiques profitent finalement à tous.

the practice of gaining total or partial political control over another country, exploiting its resources, and occupying it with settlers

colonialisme

colonialisme

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

isolationnisme

isolationnisme

Ex: The government 's shift towards isolationism was seen as a response to global instability .Le virage du gouvernement vers l'**isolationnisme** a été perçu comme une réponse à l'instabilité mondiale.

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populisme

populisme

Ex: The rise of populism in recent years has been attributed to widespread dissatisfaction with traditional political parties and the impact of globalization on local economies and cultures .La montée du **populisme** ces dernières années a été attribuée à un mécontentement généralisé à l'égard des partis politiques traditionnels et à l'impact de la mondialisation sur les économies et les cultures locales.
fascism
[nom]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

fascisme

fascisme

Ex: The resistance movement fought bravely against the spread of fascism during World War II .Le mouvement de résistance a combattu courageusement contre la propagation du **fascisme** pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarchie

oligarchie

Ex: The rise of oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .La montée de l'**oligarchie** conduit souvent à la corruption et au népotisme, car les élites dirigeantes privilégient leurs propres intérêts plutôt que ceux de la population en général.

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

féodalité

féodalité

Ex: The concept of feudalism shaped the political and economic systems of medieval kingdoms .Le concept de **féodalité** a façonné les systèmes politiques et économiques des royaumes médiévaux.

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idéalisme

idéalisme

Ex: The teacher encouraged idealism, asking students to envision a perfect future .L'enseignant a encouragé **l'idéalisme**, demandant aux élèves d'imaginer un avenir parfait.

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

démagogue

démagogue

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence of demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .La démocratie est vulnérable à l'influence des **démagogues** qui privilégient leur propre pouvoir plutôt que le bien-être du peuple.

an organization that consists of countries, parties, or businesses which have formed an alliance to help one another

confédération

confédération

Ex: The confederation model allows for cooperation and coordination among member states while preserving their autonomy and identity .Le modèle de **confédération** permet une coopération et une coordination entre les États membres tout en préservant leur autonomie et leur identité.

the union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government

fédération

fédération

fanatic
[nom]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

fanatique

fanatique

Ex: The group was led by a fanatic who believed strongly in his radical ideology .Le groupe était dirigé par un **fanatique** qui croyait fermement en son idéologie radicale.

a strong feeling of love and pride for one's country, often associated with thinking that country is also superior to any other

nationalisme

nationalisme

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

fédéralisme

fédéralisme

Ex: The principles of federalism were designed to protect the sovereignty of individual states while maintaining a unified national government .Les principes du **fédéralisme** ont été conçus pour protéger la souveraineté des États individuels tout en maintenant un gouvernement national unifié.

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

impérialisme

impérialisme

Ex: During the era of imperialism, major powers often competed for control over territories .Durant l'ère de l'**impérialisme**, les grandes puissances se disputaient souvent le contrôle des territoires.
to lobby
[verbe]

to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

faire du lobbying

faire du lobbying

Ex: The pharmaceutical industry has been lobbying lawmakers for faster drug approval processes .L'industrie pharmaceutique a fait du **lobbying** auprès des législateurs pour accélérer les processus d'approbation des médicaments.
nonpartisan
[Adjectif]

being politically neutral, unbiased, and not supporting any particular party

apolitique

apolitique

rally
[nom]

a large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

rassemblement, meeting

rassemblement, meeting

Ex: He was arrested during the rally for protesting against government policies he viewed as unfair .Il a été arrêté pendant le **rassemblement** pour avoir protesté contre les politiques gouvernementales qu'il jugeait injustes.
utopia
[nom]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopie

utopie

Ex: Many people hope for a utopia but find it difficult to achieve in reality .Beaucoup de gens espèrent une **utopie** mais la trouvent difficile à réaliser dans la réalité.
Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL
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