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Vocabular Avansat pentru TOEFL - Politics

Aici veți învăța câteva cuvinte în engleză despre politică, cum ar fi "electoral", "coaliție", "bilateral" etc., care sunt necesare pentru examenul TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
candidacy
[substantiv]

the fact or condition of being a candidate in an election

candidatură

candidatură

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electoral
[adjectiv]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

electoral, referitor la alegeri

electoral, referitor la alegeri

Ex: The electoral turnout in the last election was higher than expected , indicating increased civic engagement .Prezența **electorală** la ultimele alegeri a fost mai mare decât era de așteptat, indicând un angajament civic crescut.
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parliamentary
[adjectiv]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parlamentar, referitor la parlament

parlamentar, referitor la parlament

Ex: The parliamentary session begins with the opening speech by the head of state or government .Sesiunea **parlamentară** începe cu discursul de deschidere al șefului statului sau al guvernului.
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congressional
[adjectiv]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

congresual, al Congresului

congresual, al Congresului

Ex: The congressional budget process determines federal spending priorities .Procesul bugetar **congresional** determină prioritățile cheltuielilor federale.
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electoral college
[substantiv]

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

colegiu electoral, adunarea electorilor

colegiu electoral, adunarea electorilor

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constituency
[substantiv]

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

circumscripție electorală, electorat

circumscripție electorală, electorat

Ex: A survey was conducted to gauge the opinion of the constituency on the new tax reform .A fost realizat un sondaj pentru a evalua opinia **circumscripției** asupra noii reforme fiscale.
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absentee ballot
[substantiv]

a ballot filled out and mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is not able to attend the polls

vot prin corespondență, buletin de vot pentru absenți

vot prin corespondență, buletin de vot pentru absenți

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chancellor
[substantiv]

the head of state in some countries, like Germany

cancelar

cancelar

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activism
[substantiv]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

activism, luptă

activism, luptă

Ex: She has been involved in activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .Ea este implicată în **activism** din adolescență, pledând pentru egalitatea de gen și drepturile femeilor.
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coalition
[substantiv]

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

coaliție, alianță

coaliție, alianță

Ex: The trade union formed a coalition with student organizations to advocate for better working conditions and affordable education .Sindicatul a format o **coaliție** cu organizațiile studențești pentru a milita în favoarea unor condiții de muncă mai bune și a unei educații accesibile.
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referendum
[substantiv]

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

referendum

referendum

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inauguration
[substantiv]

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

inaugurare

inaugurare

Ex: The inauguration festivities included parades , concerts , and fireworks to celebrate the new administration .Festivitățile de **inaugurare** au inclus parade, concerte și artificii pentru a sărbători noua administrație.
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bilateral
[adjectiv]

concerning two groups or countries

bilateral

bilateral

Ex: A bilateral agreement was reached on environmental protection .A fost încheiat un acord **bilateral** privind protecția mediului.
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capitol
[substantiv]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

Capitoliu, clădirea Capitoliului

Capitoliu, clădirea Capitoliului

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apolitical
[adjectiv]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitic, neinteresat de politică

apolitic, neinteresat de politică

Ex: The community center served as an apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .Centrul comunitar a servit ca un spațiu **apolitic**, primind toți oamenii, indiferent de convingerile lor politice, să participe la activități recreative.
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autonomy
[substantiv]

(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control

autonomie

autonomie

Ex: After gaining autonomy, the country established its own laws and governance structures .După obținerea **autonomiei**, țara și-a stabilit propriile legi și structuri de guvernare.
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autonomous
[adjectiv]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

autonom, independent

autonom, independent

Ex: The organization functions as an autonomous body , with its own executive board and administrative processes .Organizația funcționează ca un organism **autonom**, cu propriul său consiliu executiv și procese administrative.
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secularism
[substantiv]

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

secularism, separarea bisericii de stat

secularism, separarea bisericii de stat

Ex: The rise of secularism has led to more inclusive laws that respect all beliefs .
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capitalism
[substantiv]

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

capitalism, sistem capitalist

capitalism, sistem capitalist

Ex: The collapse of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe marked a shift towards capitalism in those countries .Prăbușirea regimurilor socialiste din Europa de Est a marcat o trecere spre **capitalism** în acele țări.
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liberalism
[substantiv]

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

liberalism, doctrina liberală

liberalism, doctrina liberală

Ex: Critics argue that liberalism can sometimes overlook the needs of marginalized groups , but its proponents believe that personal freedom and democratic institutions ultimately benefit everyone .Criticii susțin că **liberalismul** poate uneori să neglijeze nevoile grupurilor marginalizate, dar susținătorii săi cred că libertatea personală și instituțiile democratice beneficiază în cele din urmă tuturor.
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colonialism
[substantiv]

the practice of gaining total or partial political control over another country, exploiting its resources, and occupying it with settlers

colonialism

colonialism

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isolationism
[substantiv]

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

izolaționism

izolaționism

Ex: The government 's shift towards isolationism was seen as a response to global instability .Schimbarea guvernului către **izolaționism** a fost văzută ca un răspuns la instabilitatea globală.
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populism
[substantiv]

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populism, demagogie

populism, demagogie

Ex: The rise of populism in recent years has been attributed to widespread dissatisfaction with traditional political parties and the impact of globalization on local economies and cultures .Creșterea **populismului** în ultimii ani a fost atribuită nemulțumirii larg răspândite față de partidele politice tradiționale și impactului globalizării asupra economiilor și culturilor locale.
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fascism
[substantiv]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

fascism

fascism

Ex: The resistance movement fought bravely against the spread of fascism during World War II .Mișcarea de rezistență a luptat curajos împotriva răspândirii **fascismului** în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial.
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oligarchy
[substantiv]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarhie, guvernare de către un grup mic

oligarhie, guvernare de către un grup mic

Ex: The rise of oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .Ascensiunea **oligarhiei** duce adesea la corupție și nepotism, deoarece elitele conducătoare prioritizează propriile interese în detrimentul intereselor populației mai largi.
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feudalism
[substantiv]

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

feudalism, sistem feudal

feudalism, sistem feudal

Ex: The concept of feudalism shaped the political and economic systems of medieval kingdoms .Conceptul de **feudalism** a modelat sistemele politice și economice ale regatelor medievale.
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idealism
[substantiv]

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idealism

idealism

Ex: The teacher encouraged idealism, asking students to envision a perfect future .Profesorul a încurajat **idealismul**, cerând elevilor să-și imagineze un viitor perfect.
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demagogue
[substantiv]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagog, agitator

demagog, agitator

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence of demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .Democrația este vulnerabilă la influența **demagogilor** care prioritizează propria putere în detrimentul bunăstării poporului.
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confederation
[substantiv]

an organization that consists of countries, parties, or businesses which have formed an alliance to help one another

confederație, alianță

confederație, alianță

Ex: The confederation model allows for cooperation and coordination among member states while preserving their autonomy and identity .Modelul de **confederație** permite cooperarea și coordonarea între statele membre, păstrând în același timp autonomia și identitatea acestora.
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federation
[substantiv]

the union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government

federație, confederație

federație, confederație

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fanatic
[substantiv]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

fanatic, extremist

fanatic, extremist

Ex: The group was led by a fanatic who believed strongly in his radical ideology .Grupul a fost condus de un **fanatic** care credea ferm în ideologia sa radicală.
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nationalism
[substantiv]

a strong feeling of love and pride for one's country, often associated with thinking that country is also superior to any other

naționalism

naționalism

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federalism
[substantiv]

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

federalism

federalism

Ex: The principles of federalism were designed to protect the sovereignty of individual states while maintaining a unified national government .Principiile **federalismului** au fost concepute pentru a proteja suveranitatea statelor individuale, menținând în același timp un guvern național unitar.
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imperialism
[substantiv]

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

imperialism, colonialism

imperialism, colonialism

Ex: During the era of imperialism, major powers often competed for control over territories .În era **imperialismului**, marile puteri se concurau adesea pentru controlul asupra teritoriilor.
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to lobby
[verb]

to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

a face lobby, a exercita presiuni

a face lobby, a exercita presiuni

Ex: The pharmaceutical industry has been lobbying lawmakers for faster drug approval processes .Industria farmaceutică a făcut **lobby** la legiuitori pentru procese mai rapide de aprobare a medicamentelor.
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nonpartisan
[adjectiv]

being politically neutral, unbiased, and not supporting any particular party

nepartizan, imparțial

nepartizan, imparțial

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rally
[substantiv]

a large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

miting, adunare

miting, adunare

Ex: He was arrested during the rally for protesting against government policies he viewed as unfair .A fost arestat în timpul **mitingului** pentru a protesta împotriva politicilor guvernamentale pe care le considera nedrepte.
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utopia
[substantiv]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopie, paradis imaginar

utopie, paradis imaginar

Ex: Many people hope for a utopia but find it difficult to achieve in reality .Mulți oameni speră la o **utopie**, dar o găsesc greu de realizat în realitate.
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Vocabular Avansat pentru TOEFL
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