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Vocabulario Avanzado para el TOEFL - Política

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre la política, como "electoral", "coalition", "bilateral", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
candidacy
[Sustantivo]

the fact or condition of being a candidate in an election

candidatura

candidatura

electoral
[Adjetivo]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

electoral

electoral

Ex: The electoral turnout in the last election was higher than expected , indicating increased civic engagement .La participación **electoral** en las últimas elecciones fue más alta de lo esperado, lo que indica un mayor compromiso cívico.
parliamentary
[Adjetivo]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parlamentario

parlamentario

Ex: The parliamentary session begins with the opening speech by the head of state or government .La sesión **parlamentaria** comienza con el discurso de apertura del jefe de Estado o de gobierno.
congressional
[Adjetivo]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

del congreso, legislativo

del congreso, legislativo

Ex: The congressional budget process determines federal spending priorities .El proceso presupuestario **congresional** determina las prioridades de gasto federal.
electoral college
[Sustantivo]

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

colegio electoral

colegio electoral

constituency
[Sustantivo]

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

electorado

electorado

Ex: A survey was conducted to gauge the opinion of the constituency on the new tax reform .Se realizó una encuesta para medir la opinión de la **circunscripción** sobre la nueva reforma fiscal.
absentee ballot
[Sustantivo]

a ballot filled out and mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is not able to attend the polls

voto en ausencia

voto en ausencia

chancellor
[Sustantivo]

the head of state in some countries, like Germany

canciller

canciller

activism
[Sustantivo]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

activismo

activismo

Ex: She has been involved in activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .Ella ha estado involucrada en **el activismo** desde su adolescencia, abogando por la igualdad de género y los derechos de las mujeres.
coalition
[Sustantivo]

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

coalición

coalición

Ex: The trade union formed a coalition with student organizations to advocate for better working conditions and affordable education .El sindicato formó una **coalición** con organizaciones estudiantiles para abogar por mejores condiciones laborales y una educación asequible.
referendum
[Sustantivo]

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

referéndum

referéndum

inauguration
[Sustantivo]

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

investidura

investidura

Ex: The inauguration festivities included parades , concerts , and fireworks to celebrate the new administration .Las festividades de **inauguración** incluyeron desfiles, conciertos y fuegos artificiales para celebrar la nueva administración.
bilateral
[Adjetivo]

concerning two groups or countries

bilateral

bilateral

Ex: A bilateral agreement was reached on environmental protection .Se alcanzó un acuerdo **bilateral** sobre la protección del medio ambiente.
capitol
[Sustantivo]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

capitolio

capitolio

apolitical
[Adjetivo]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolítico

apolítico

Ex: The community center served as an apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .El centro comunitario sirvió como un espacio **apolítico**, acogiendo a todos independientemente de sus creencias políticas para participar en actividades recreativas.
autonomy
[Sustantivo]

(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control

autonomía

autonomía

Ex: After gaining autonomy, the country established its own laws and governance structures .Después de obtener **la autonomía**, el país estableció sus propias leyes y estructuras de gobierno.
autonomous
[Adjetivo]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

autónomo

autónomo

Ex: The organization functions as an autonomous body , with its own executive board and administrative processes .La organización funciona como un cuerpo **autónomo**, con su propio consejo ejecutivo y procesos administrativos.
secularism
[Sustantivo]

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

laicismo

laicismo

Ex: The rise of secularism has led to more inclusive laws that respect all beliefs .El auge del **secularismo** ha llevado a leyes más inclusivas que respetan todas las creencias.
capitalism
[Sustantivo]

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

capitalismo

capitalismo

Ex: The collapse of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe marked a shift towards capitalism in those countries .El colapso de los regímenes socialistas en Europa del Este marcó un cambio hacia el **capitalismo** en esos países.
liberalism
[Sustantivo]

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

liberalismo

liberalismo

Ex: Critics argue that liberalism can sometimes overlook the needs of marginalized groups , but its proponents believe that personal freedom and democratic institutions ultimately benefit everyone .Los críticos argumentan que el **liberalismo** a veces puede pasar por alto las necesidades de los grupos marginados, pero sus defensores creen que la libertad personal y las instituciones democráticas benefician a todos en última instancia.
colonialism
[Sustantivo]

the practice of gaining total or partial political control over another country, exploiting its resources, and occupying it with settlers

colonialismo

colonialismo

isolationism
[Sustantivo]

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

aislacionismo

aislacionismo

Ex: The government 's shift towards isolationism was seen as a response to global instability .El giro del gobierno hacia el **aislacionismo** fue visto como una respuesta a la inestabilidad global.
populism
[Sustantivo]

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populismo

populismo

Ex: The rise of populism in recent years has been attributed to widespread dissatisfaction with traditional political parties and the impact of globalization on local economies and cultures .El auge del **populismo** en los últimos años se ha atribuido al descontento generalizado con los partidos políticos tradicionales y al impacto de la globalización en las economías y culturas locales.
fascism
[Sustantivo]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

fascismo

fascismo

Ex: The resistance movement fought bravely against the spread of fascism during World War II .El movimiento de resistencia luchó valientemente contra la propagación del **fascismo** durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
oligarchy
[Sustantivo]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarquía

oligarquía

Ex: The rise of oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .El ascenso de la **oligarquía** a menudo conduce a la corrupción y el nepotismo, ya que las élites gobernantes priorizan sus propios intereses sobre los de la población en general.
feudalism
[Sustantivo]

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

feudalismo

feudalismo

Ex: The concept of feudalism shaped the political and economic systems of medieval kingdoms .El concepto de **feudalismo** dio forma a los sistemas políticos y económicos de los reinos medievales.
idealism
[Sustantivo]

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idealismo

idealismo

Ex: The teacher encouraged idealism, asking students to envision a perfect future .El profesor fomentó el **idealismo**, pidiendo a los estudiantes que imaginaran un futuro perfecto.
demagogue
[Sustantivo]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagogo

demagogo

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence of demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .La democracia es vulnerable a la influencia de los **demagogos** que priorizan su propio poder sobre el bienestar del pueblo.
confederation
[Sustantivo]

an organization that consists of countries, parties, or businesses which have formed an alliance to help one another

confederación

confederación

Ex: The confederation model allows for cooperation and coordination among member states while preserving their autonomy and identity .El modelo de **confederación** permite la cooperación y coordinación entre los estados miembros mientras preserva su autonomía e identidad.
federation
[Sustantivo]

the union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government

federación

federación

fanatic
[Sustantivo]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

fanático

fanático

Ex: The group was led by a fanatic who believed strongly in his radical ideology .El grupo estaba liderado por un **fanático** que creía firmemente en su ideología radical.
nationalism
[Sustantivo]

a strong feeling of love and pride for one's country, often associated with thinking that country is also superior to any other

nacionalismo

nacionalismo

federalism
[Sustantivo]

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

federalismo

federalismo

Ex: The principles of federalism were designed to protect the sovereignty of individual states while maintaining a unified national government .Los principios del **federalismo** fueron diseñados para proteger la soberanía de los estados individuales mientras se mantiene un gobierno nacional unificado.
imperialism
[Sustantivo]

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

imperialismo

imperialismo

Ex: During the era of imperialism, major powers often competed for control over territories .Durante la era del **imperialismo**, las grandes potencias a menudo competían por el control de los territorios.
to lobby
[Verbo]

to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

ejercer presión, presionar

ejercer presión, presionar

Ex: The pharmaceutical industry has been lobbying lawmakers for faster drug approval processes .La industria farmacéutica ha estado haciendo **lobby** a los legisladores para acelerar los procesos de aprobación de medicamentos.
nonpartisan
[Adjetivo]

being politically neutral, unbiased, and not supporting any particular party

imparcial

imparcial

rally
[Sustantivo]

a large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

concentración

concentración

Ex: He was arrested during the rally for protesting against government policies he viewed as unfair .Fue arrestado durante el **mitin** por protestar contra las políticas gubernamentales que consideraba injustas.
utopia
[Sustantivo]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopía

utopía

Ex: Many people hope for a utopia but find it difficult to achieve in reality .Muchas personas esperan una **utopía** pero encuentran difícil lograrla en la realidad.
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