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Pokročilá Slovní Zásoba pro TOEFL - Politics

Zde se dozvíte pár anglických slovíček o politice, jako je „electoral“, „coalition“, „bilateral“ atd., která jsou potřebná ke zkoušce TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
candidacy
[Podstatné jméno]

the fact or condition of being a candidate in an election

kandidatura, nominace

kandidatura, nominace

electoral
[Přídavné jméno]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

volební, elektorální

volební, elektorální

Ex: electoral turnout in the last election was higher than expected , indicating increased civic engagement .
parliamentary
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parlamentní, parlamentářský

parlamentní, parlamentářský

Ex: parliamentary session begins with the opening speech by the head of state or government .
congressional
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

kongresní, kongresový

kongresní, kongresový

Ex: congressional budget process determines federal spending priorities .
electoral college
[Podstatné jméno]

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

volební kolegium, volebná komise

volební kolegium, volebná komise

constituency
[Podstatné jméno]

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

volební okrsek, volební obvod

volební okrsek, volební obvod

Ex: A survey was conducted to gauge the opinion of constituency on the new tax reform .
absentee ballot
[Podstatné jméno]

a ballot filled out and mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is not able to attend the polls

hlasovací lístek pro voliče,  který není přítomen

hlasovací lístek pro voliče, který není přítomen

chancellor
[Podstatné jméno]

the head of state in some countries, like Germany

kancléř, premiér

kancléř, premiér

activism
[Podstatné jméno]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

aktivismus, činnost za sociální změnu

aktivismus, činnost za sociální změnu

Ex: She has been involved activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .
coalition
[Podstatné jméno]

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

koalice, spojenectví

koalice, spojenectví

Ex: The trade union formed coalition with student organizations to advocate for better working conditions and affordable education .
referendum
[Podstatné jméno]

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

referendum, hlasování

referendum, hlasování

inauguration
[Podstatné jméno]

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

inaugurace, uvádění do úřadu

inaugurace, uvádění do úřadu

Ex: inauguration festivities included parades , concerts , and fireworks to celebrate the new administration .
bilateral
[Přídavné jméno]

concerning two groups or countries

bilaterální, dvoustranný

bilaterální, dvoustranný

Ex: bilateral agreement was reached on environmental protection .
capitol
[Podstatné jméno]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

kapitol, budova Kongresu

kapitol, budova Kongresu

apolitical
[Přídavné jméno]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitický, politicky neutrální

apolitický, politicky neutrální

Ex: The community center served as apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .
autonomy
[Podstatné jméno]

(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control

autonomie, nezávislost

autonomie, nezávislost

Ex: After autonomy, the country established its own laws and governance structures .
autonomous
[Přídavné jméno]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

autonomní, samostatný

autonomní, samostatný

Ex: The organization functions as autonomous body , with its own executive board and administrative processes .
secularism
[Podstatné jméno]

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

sekularismus, sekularizace

sekularismus, sekularizace

Ex: The rise secularism has led to more inclusive laws that respect all beliefs .
capitalism
[Podstatné jméno]

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

kapitalismus, kapitalistický systém

kapitalismus, kapitalistický systém

Ex: The collapse of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe marked a shift capitalism in those countries .
liberalism
[Podstatné jméno]

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

liberalismus, liberalní doktrína

liberalismus, liberalní doktrína

Ex: Critics argue liberalism can sometimes overlook the needs of marginalized groups , but its proponents believe that personal freedom and democratic institutions ultimately benefit everyone .
colonialism
[Podstatné jméno]

the practice of gaining total or partial political control over another country, exploiting its resources, and occupying it with settlers

kolonialismus, kolonizační politika

kolonialismus, kolonizační politika

isolationism
[Podstatné jméno]

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

izolacionismus, izolace

izolacionismus, izolace

Ex: The government 's shift isolationism was seen as a response to global instability .
populism
[Podstatné jméno]

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populismus, populistická politika

populismus, populistická politika

Ex: The rise populism in recent years has been attributed to widespread dissatisfaction with traditional political parties and the impact of globalization on local economies and cultures .
fascism
[Podstatné jméno]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

fascismus, fascistický režim

fascismus, fascistický režim

Ex: The resistance movement fought bravely against the spread fascism during World War II .
oligarchy
[Podstatné jméno]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarchie, oligarchické zřízení

oligarchie, oligarchické zřízení

Ex: The rise oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .
feudalism
[Podstatné jméno]

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

feudalismus, feudální systém

feudalismus, feudální systém

Ex: The concept feudalism shaped the political and economic systems of medieval kingdoms .
idealism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idealismus, ideálismus

idealismus, ideálismus

Ex: The teacher idealism, asking students to envision a perfect future .
demagogue
[Podstatné jméno]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagog, populista

demagog, populista

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .
confederation
[Podstatné jméno]

an organization that consists of countries, parties, or businesses which have formed an alliance to help one another

konfederace, spolek

konfederace, spolek

Ex: confederation model allows for cooperation and coordination among member states while preserving their autonomy and identity .
federation
[Podstatné jméno]

the union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government

federace, sdružení

federace, sdružení

fanatic
[Podstatné jméno]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

fanatik, fanatický stoupenec

fanatik, fanatický stoupenec

Ex: The group was led by fanatic who believed strongly in his radical ideology .
nationalism
[Podstatné jméno]

a strong feeling of love and pride for one's country, often associated with thinking that country is also superior to any other

nacionalismus, národnostní hrdost

nacionalismus, národnostní hrdost

federalism
[Podstatné jméno]

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

federalismus, federální systém

federalismus, federální systém

Ex: The principles federalism were designed to protect the sovereignty of individual states while maintaining a unified national government .
imperialism
[Podstatné jméno]

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

imperialismus, císařství

imperialismus, císařství

Ex: During the era imperialism, major powers often competed for control over territories .
to lobby
[sloveso]

to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

lobbovat, ovlivňovat zákonodárce

lobbovat, ovlivňovat zákonodárce

Ex: The pharmaceutical industry has lobbying lawmakers for faster drug approval processes .
nonpartisan
[Přídavné jméno]

being politically neutral, unbiased, and not supporting any particular party

neutrální, nestranný

neutrální, nestranný

rally
[Podstatné jméno]

a large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

shromáždění, rally

shromáždění, rally

Ex: He was arrested during rally for protesting against government policies he viewed as unfair .
utopia
[Podstatné jméno]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopie, ideální společnost

utopie, ideální společnost

Ex: Many people hope for utopia but find it difficult to achieve in reality .
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