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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Politics

Dito matututo ka ng ilang salitang Ingles tungkol sa politika, tulad ng "electoral", "coalition", "bilateral", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
candidacy
[Pangngalan]

the fact or condition of being a candidate in an election

kandidatura

kandidatura

electoral
[pang-uri]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

elektoral, kaugnay ng halalan

elektoral, kaugnay ng halalan

Ex: The electoral turnout in the last election was higher than expected , indicating increased civic engagement .Ang **elektoral** na pagdalo sa huling halalan ay mas mataas kaysa inaasahan, na nagpapahiwatig ng mas mataas na pakikipag-ugnayan ng mamamayan.
parliamentary
[pang-uri]

relating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government

parliyamentaryo, may kaugnayan sa parliyamento

parliyamentaryo, may kaugnayan sa parliyamento

Ex: The parliamentary session begins with the opening speech by the head of state or government .Ang sesyon ng **parlyamentaryo** ay nagsisimula sa pambungad na talumpati ng pinuno ng estado o pamahalaan.
congressional
[pang-uri]

relating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government

pang-kongreso, ng Kongreso

pang-kongreso, ng Kongreso

Ex: The congressional budget process determines federal spending priorities .Ang proseso ng badyet **kongresyonal** ay tumutukoy sa mga prayoridad ng paggasta ng pederal.
electoral college
[Pangngalan]

(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president

kolehiyo elektoral, kapulungan ng mga elektor

kolehiyo elektoral, kapulungan ng mga elektor

constituency
[Pangngalan]

a group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position

distritong elektoral, botante

distritong elektoral, botante

Ex: A survey was conducted to gauge the opinion of the constituency on the new tax reform .Isang survey ang isinagawa upang sukatin ang opinyon ng **constituency** tungkol sa bagong reporma sa buwis.
absentee ballot
[Pangngalan]

a ballot filled out and mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is not able to attend the polls

botong absentee, balota ng hindi nakarating

botong absentee, balota ng hindi nakarating

chancellor
[Pangngalan]

the head of state in some countries, like Germany

kansilyer

kansilyer

activism
[Pangngalan]

the action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives

aktibismo, pakikibaka

aktibismo, pakikibaka

Ex: She has been involved in activism since her teenage years , advocating for gender equality and women 's rights .Siya ay kasangkot sa **aktibismo** mula pa sa kanyang kabataan, na nagtataguyod para sa pagkakapantay-pantay ng kasarian at karapatan ng kababaihan.
coalition
[Pangngalan]

an alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections

koalisyon, alyansa

koalisyon, alyansa

Ex: The trade union formed a coalition with student organizations to advocate for better working conditions and affordable education .Ang unyon ay bumuo ng **koalisyon** kasama ang mga organisasyon ng mag-aaral upang itaguyod ang mas mahusay na mga kondisyon sa trabaho at abot-kayang edukasyon.
referendum
[Pangngalan]

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

referendum

referendum

inauguration
[Pangngalan]

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

inaugurasyon

inaugurasyon

Ex: The inauguration festivities included parades , concerts , and fireworks to celebrate the new administration .Ang mga pagdiriwang ng **inauguration** ay may mga parada, konsiyerto, at paputok upang ipagdiwang ang bagong administrasyon.
bilateral
[pang-uri]

concerning two groups or countries

bilateral

bilateral

Ex: A bilateral agreement was reached on environmental protection .Isang **bilateral** na kasunduan ang naabot sa proteksyon sa kapaligiran.
capitol
[Pangngalan]

a building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles

Kapitolyo, gusali ng Kapitolyo

Kapitolyo, gusali ng Kapitolyo

apolitical
[pang-uri]

having no interest or involvement in politics

apolitikal, walang interes sa pulitika

apolitikal, walang interes sa pulitika

Ex: The community center served as an apolitical space , welcoming everyone regardless of their political beliefs to engage in recreational activities .Ang community center ay nagsilbing isang **apolitical** na espasyo, nag-aanyaya sa lahat anuman ang kanilang paniniwala sa politika upang makibahagi sa mga recreational na aktibidad.
autonomy
[Pangngalan]

(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control

awtonomiya

awtonomiya

Ex: After gaining autonomy, the country established its own laws and governance structures .Pagkatapos makuha ang **awtonomiya**, itinatag ng bansa ang sarili nitong mga batas at istruktura ng pamamahala.
autonomous
[pang-uri]

(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself

awtonomo, malaya

awtonomo, malaya

Ex: The organization functions as an autonomous body , with its own executive board and administrative processes .Ang organisasyon ay gumagana bilang isang **awtonomong** katawan, na may sariling executive board at administrative processes.
secularism
[Pangngalan]

the doctrine that separates the state from religious associations

sekularismo, paghiwalay ng simbahan at estado

sekularismo, paghiwalay ng simbahan at estado

Ex: The rise of secularism has led to more inclusive laws that respect all beliefs .
capitalism
[Pangngalan]

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

kapitalismo, sistemang kapitalista

kapitalismo, sistemang kapitalista

Ex: The collapse of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe marked a shift towards capitalism in those countries .Ang pagbagsak ng mga rehimeng sosyalista sa Silangang Europa ay nagmarka ng paglipat patungo sa **kapitalismo** sa mga bansang iyon.
liberalism
[Pangngalan]

the political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade

liberalismo, ang doktrinang liberal

liberalismo, ang doktrinang liberal

Ex: Critics argue that liberalism can sometimes overlook the needs of marginalized groups , but its proponents believe that personal freedom and democratic institutions ultimately benefit everyone .Sinasabi ng mga kritiko na ang **liberalismo** ay maaaring minsan ay hindi pansinin ang mga pangangailangan ng marginalized groups, ngunit naniniwala ang mga tagapagtaguyod nito na ang personal na kalayaan at mga demokratikong institusyon ay sa huli ay nakikinabang sa lahat.
colonialism
[Pangngalan]

the practice of gaining total or partial political control over another country, exploiting its resources, and occupying it with settlers

kolonyalismo

kolonyalismo

isolationism
[Pangngalan]

the political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs

isolasyonismo

isolasyonismo

Ex: The government 's shift towards isolationism was seen as a response to global instability .Ang pagbabago ng pamahalaan patungo sa **isolationism** ay nakita bilang tugon sa kawalang-tatag ng mundo.
populism
[Pangngalan]

a type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support

populismo, demagohiya

populismo, demagohiya

Ex: The rise of populism in recent years has been attributed to widespread dissatisfaction with traditional political parties and the impact of globalization on local economies and cultures .Ang pagtaas ng **populismo** sa mga nakaraang taon ay iniuugnay sa malawak na kawalang-kasiyahan sa mga tradisyonal na partidong pampolitika at sa epekto ng globalisasyon sa mga lokal na ekonomiya at kultura.
fascism
[Pangngalan]

an extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition

pasismo

pasismo

Ex: The resistance movement fought bravely against the spread of fascism during World War II .Ang kilusang paglaban ay lumaban nang matapang laban sa pagkalat ng **pasismo** noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig.
oligarchy
[Pangngalan]

a political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization

oligarkiya, pamumuno ng isang maliit na grupo

oligarkiya, pamumuno ng isang maliit na grupo

Ex: The rise of oligarchy often leads to corruption and nepotism , as ruling elites prioritize their own interests over those of the broader population .Ang pagtaas ng **oligarkiya** ay madalas na humahantong sa katiwalian at nepotismo, dahil inuuna ng mga naghaharing elite ang kanilang sariling interes kaysa sa mas malawak na populasyon.
feudalism
[Pangngalan]

a social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him

pyudalismo, sistemang pyudal

pyudalismo, sistemang pyudal

Ex: The concept of feudalism shaped the political and economic systems of medieval kingdoms .Ang konsepto ng **pyudalismo** ang humubog sa mga sistemang pampulitika at pang-ekonomiya ng mga kaharian noong medieval.
idealism
[Pangngalan]

the belief in or pursuit of high principles, values, or ideals, often with a focus on the potential for perfection or improvement

idealismo

idealismo

Ex: The teacher encouraged idealism, asking students to envision a perfect future .Hinikayat ng guro ang **idealismo**, na hinihiling sa mga mag-aaral na isipin ang isang perpektong hinaharap.
demagogue
[Pangngalan]

a politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support

demagogo, manggugulo

demagogo, manggugulo

Ex: Democracy is vulnerable to the influence of demagogues who prioritize their own power over the welfare of the people .Ang demokrasya ay madaling maapektuhan ng impluwensya ng mga **demagogo** na inuuna ang kanilang sariling kapangyarihan kaysa sa kapakanan ng mga tao.
confederation
[Pangngalan]

an organization that consists of countries, parties, or businesses which have formed an alliance to help one another

konpederasyon, alyansa

konpederasyon, alyansa

Ex: The confederation model allows for cooperation and coordination among member states while preserving their autonomy and identity .Ang modelo ng **konpederasyon** ay nagbibigay-daan sa kooperasyon at koordinasyon sa mga miyembrong estado habang pinapanatili ang kanilang awtonomiya at pagkakakilanlan.
federation
[Pangngalan]

the union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government

pederasyon, konpederasyon

pederasyon, konpederasyon

fanatic
[Pangngalan]

an overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause

panatiko, radikal

panatiko, radikal

Ex: The group was led by a fanatic who believed strongly in his radical ideology .Ang grupo ay pinamunuan ng isang **panatiko** na matibay na naniniwala sa kanyang radikal na ideolohiya.
nationalism
[Pangngalan]

a strong feeling of love and pride for one's country, often associated with thinking that country is also superior to any other

nasyonalismo

nasyonalismo

federalism
[Pangngalan]

a political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state

pederalismo

pederalismo

Ex: The principles of federalism were designed to protect the sovereignty of individual states while maintaining a unified national government .Ang mga prinsipyo ng **pederalismo** ay idinisenyo upang protektahan ang soberanya ng mga indibidwal na estado habang pinapanatili ang isang pinag-isang pambansang pamahalaan.
imperialism
[Pangngalan]

a system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them

imperyalismo, kolonyalismo

imperyalismo, kolonyalismo

Ex: During the era of imperialism, major powers often competed for control over territories .Sa panahon ng **imperyalismo**, ang mga pangunahing kapangyarihan ay madalas na nagkumpetensya para sa kontrol sa mga teritoryo.
to lobby
[Pandiwa]

to make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed

mag-lobby, manghimok

mag-lobby, manghimok

Ex: The pharmaceutical industry has been lobbying lawmakers for faster drug approval processes .Ang industriya ng parmasyutiko ay **naglolobi** sa mga mambabatas para sa mas mabilis na proseso ng pag-apruba ng gamot.
nonpartisan
[pang-uri]

being politically neutral, unbiased, and not supporting any particular party

hindi partisan, walang kinikilingan

hindi partisan, walang kinikilingan

rally
[Pangngalan]

a large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

rally, pagtitipon

rally, pagtitipon

Ex: He was arrested during the rally for protesting against government policies he viewed as unfair .Nahuli siya sa panahon ng **rally** para sa pagprotesta laban sa mga patakaran ng gobyerno na itinuturing niyang hindi patas.
utopia
[Pangngalan]

an imaginary state or location where everything is perfect

utopia, imahinasyong paraiso

utopia, imahinasyong paraiso

Ex: Many people hope for a utopia but find it difficult to achieve in reality .Maraming tao ang umaasa sa isang **utopia** ngunit mahirap itong makamit sa katotohanan.
Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL
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