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Ciencias Naturales SAT - Anatomía y Genética

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés relacionadas con la anatomía y la genética, como "bazo", "arteria", "haploide", etc., que necesitarás para aprobar tus SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
diaphragm
diaphragm
[Sustantivo]

(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen

diafragma

diafragma

Ex: Injury to the diaphragm can affect its ability to function properly. 

Una lesión en el diafragma puede afectar su capacidad para funcionar correctamente.

appendix
appendix
[Sustantivo]

a small, narrow tube attached to the beginning of the large intestine

apéndice

apéndice

Ex: Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed. 
intestinal
intestinal
[Adjetivo]

relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body

intestinal

intestinal

Ex: Intestinal obstruction is a medical condition where the passage of food or stool through the intestines is blocked, leading to abdominal pain and distension. 

La obstrucción intestinal es una condición médica en la que el paso de alimentos o heces a través de los intestinos está bloqueado, lo que provoca dolor abdominal e hinchazón.

prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
[Sustantivo]

the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions

corteza prefrontal, lóbulo prefrontal

corteza prefrontal, lóbulo prefrontal

spleen
spleen
[Sustantivo]

(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells

bazo

bazo

Ex: In some animals, such as dogs, the spleen can contract and release stored blood in times of need, such as during exercise or in response to injury. 

En algunos animales, como los perros, el bazo puede contraerse y liberar sangre almacenada en momentos de necesidad, como durante el ejercicio o en respuesta a una lesión.

enamel
enamel
[Sustantivo]

the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth

esmalte

esmalte

Ex: Brushing and flossing regularly help to maintain enamel health and prevent dental problems. 

Cepillarse y usar hilo dental regularmente ayuda a mantener la salud del esmalte y a prevenir problemas dentales.

clavicle
clavicle
[Sustantivo]

the long, curved bone that connects the shoulder blade to the sternum

clavícula

clavícula

Ex: Athletes often injure the clavicle during contact sports. 

Los atletas a menudo se lesionan la clavícula durante los deportes de contacto.

cochlea
cochlea
[Sustantivo]

(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations

cóclea, caracol óseo

cóclea, caracol óseo

cecum
cecum
[Sustantivo]

the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen

ciego

ciego

torso
torso
[Sustantivo]

the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head

torso

torso

Ex: The forensic pathologist examined the torso to determine the cause of death and identify the victim. 

El patólogo forense examinó el torso para determinar la causa de la muerte e identificar a la víctima.

artery
artery
[Sustantivo]

any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart

arteria

arteria

Ex: The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which originates from the left ventricle of the heart and distributes blood to the rest of the body. 

La arteria más grande del cuerpo es la aorta, que se origina en el ventrículo izquierdo del corazón y distribuye sangre al resto del cuerpo.

joint
joint
[Sustantivo]

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

articulación

articulación

Ex: The elbow joint enables the arm to bend and extend, facilitating various activities such as lifting and reaching. 
spine
spine
[Sustantivo]

the column of connected bones running down the back that supports the body and protects the spinal cord

columna vertebral

columna vertebral

Ex: Good posture helps keep the spine properly aligned. 
tract
tract
[Sustantivo]

(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body

tracto

tracto

coronary
coronary
[Adjetivo]

relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it

coronario

coronario

Ex: The coronary circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, allowing it to pump effectively. 

La circulación coronaria suministra sangre oxigenada al músculo cardíaco, permitiéndole bombear eficazmente.

thyroid
thyroid
[Sustantivo]

a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions

tiroides

tiroides

Ex: The thyroid plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and energy balance. 

La tiroides desempeña un papel crucial en el mantenimiento de la salud general y el equilibrio energético.

talus
talus
[Sustantivo]

the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot

astrágalo, talus

astrágalo, talus

Ex: The surgeon performed a delicate procedure to repair the fractured talus. 

El cirujano realizó un procedimiento delicado para reparar el talus fracturado.

bladder
bladder
[Sustantivo]

a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed

vejiga

vejiga

Ex: The bladder can hold up to 600 milliliters of urine. 

La vejiga puede contener hasta 600 mililitros de orina.

reproductive
reproductive
[Adjetivo]

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

reproductivo

reproductivo

Ex: Reproductive cycles in females involve ovulation and menstruation. 

Los ciclos reproductivos en las hembras involucran la ovulación y la menstruación.

sensory
sensory
[Adjetivo]

relating to any of the five senses

sensorial

sensorial

Ex: Sensory processing disorder affects how the brain interprets and responds to sensory input. 

El trastorno del procesamiento sensorial afecta cómo el cerebro interpreta y responde a la entrada sensorial.

tactile
tactile
[Adjetivo]

relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch

táctil

táctil

Ex: Blind individuals rely heavily on tactile cues to navigate their surroundings and interact with objects. 

Las personas ciegas dependen en gran medida de las señales táctiles para navegar por su entorno e interactuar con los objetos.

retinal
retinal
[Adjetivo]

(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina

retiniano

retiniano

auditory
auditory
[Adjetivo]

related to the ability of hearing

auditivo

auditivo

Ex: The auditory nerve transmits signals from the inner ear to the brain for interpretation. 

El nervio auditivo transmite señales desde el oído interno al cerebro para su interpretación.

optical
optical
[Adjetivo]

relating to sight or vision

óptico

óptico

Ex: The telescope uses optical lenses to magnify distant celestial objects for observation. 

El telescopio utiliza lentes ópticas para ampliar objetos celestes distantes para su observación.

chromosome
chromosome
[Sustantivo]

(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus

cromosoma

cromosoma

Ex: During cell division, the chromosome condenses to become visible under a microscope. 
genome
genome
[Sustantivo]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

genoma

genoma

Ex: Researchers are studying the genome of the coronavirus to track its mutations and develop effective vaccines. 

Los investigadores están estudiando el genoma del coronavirus para rastrear sus mutaciones y desarrollar vacunas efectivas.

genotype
genotype
[Sustantivo]

the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents

genotipo

genotipo

Ex: Human diversity is influenced by the wide range of genotypes resulting from the combination of genetic material from both parents. 

La diversidad humana está influenciada por la amplia gama de genotipos resultantes de la combinación del material genético de ambos padres.

phenotype
phenotype
[Sustantivo]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

fenotipo, características observables

fenotipo, características observables

Ex: Flower color, petal shape, and plant height are plant phenotypes. 

El color de la flor, la forma del pétalo y la altura de la planta son fenotipos vegetales.

allele
allele
[Sustantivo]

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

alelo, variante genética

alelo, variante genética

Ex: A recessive allele only manifests phenotypically when paired with another recessive allele. 

Un alelo recesivo solo se manifiesta fenotípicamente cuando está emparejado con otro alelo recesivo.

recessive
recessive
[Adjetivo]

(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents

recesivo

recesivo

Ex: She has brown eyes, but she carries a recessive allele for blue eyes. 
dominant
dominant
[Adjetivo]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominante

dominante

Ex: In this family, the dominant gene for curly hair is passed down to the children. 
expression
expression
[Sustantivo]

the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits

expresión génica, expresión de genes

expresión génica, expresión de genes

Ex: Abnormal expression of certain genes can lead to the development of cancer. 
to modify
to modify
[Verbo]

to make partial changes to something, usually to improve it or make it more suitable

modificar

modificar

Ex: The company has modified its software to work on older computers. 
mutation
mutation
[Sustantivo]

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

mutación

mutación

Ex: Due to a mutation in his genes, the child was born with blue eyes, even though both parents had brown eyes. 

Debido a una mutación en sus genes, el niño nació con ojos azules, aunque ambos padres tenían ojos marrones.

to inherit
to inherit
[Verbo]

to receive a physical or mental characteristic genetically from a parent or ancestor

heredar,  recibir

heredar, recibir

Ex: Children can inherit certain genetic conditions from their parents. 
lineage
lineage
[Sustantivo]

the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family

linaje, descendencia

linaje, descendencia

Ex: She was proud of her royal lineage, tracing her ancestry back to ancient kings and queens. 

Ella estaba orgullosa de su linaje real, rastreando su ascendencia hasta los antiguos reyes y reinas.

progenitor
progenitor
[Sustantivo]

a person from whom other offsprings are descended

progenitor

progenitor

Ex: The company's founders were the progenitors of innovation, revolutionizing the industry with their groundbreaking ideas. 

Los fundadores de la empresa fueron los progenitores de la innovación, revolucionando la industria con sus ideas innovadoras.

transgenic
transgenic
[Adjetivo]

(biology) containing genes from a different species that have been inserted artificially

transgénico

transgénico

Ex: Transgenic salmon grow much faster than wild salmon. 
geneticist
geneticist
[Sustantivo]

a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes

genetista,  especialista en genética

genetista, especialista en genética

Ex: The geneticist used advanced technology to map the human genome and identify specific genes linked to cancer. 

El genetista utilizó tecnología avanzada para mapear el genoma humano e identificar genes específicos relacionados con el cáncer.

karyotype
karyotype
[Sustantivo]

a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities

cariotipo, perfil cromosómico

cariotipo, perfil cromosómico

Ex: Doctors use karyotypes to check for genetic disorders in newborns. 

Los médicos utilizan cariotipos para detectar trastornos genéticos en recién nacidos.

eugenics
eugenics
[Sustantivo]

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

eugenesia

eugenesia

Ex: Eugenics was a prominent but controversial field of study in the early 20th century. 

La eugenesia fue un campo de estudio prominente pero controvertido a principios del siglo XX.

trisomy
trisomy
[Sustantivo]

a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two

trisomía, anomalía cromosómica

trisomía, anomalía cromosómica

Ex: Trisomy often results in developmental and physical abnormalities. 

La trisomía a menudo resulta en anomalías del desarrollo y físicas.

centromere
centromere
[Sustantivo]

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

centrómero, cinetocoro

centrómero, cinetocoro

Ex: Each chromosome has a single centromere that is essential for cell division. 

Cada cromosoma tiene un único centrómero que es esencial para la división celular.

palindrome
palindrome
[Sustantivo]

a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

palíndromo, secuencia palindrómica

palíndromo, secuencia palindrómica

cytogenetics
cytogenetics
[Sustantivo]

the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques

citogenética, la citogenética

citogenética, la citogenética

Ex: The cytogenetics lab conducted a karyotype analysis to detect chromosomal anomalies. 

El laboratorio de citogenética realizó un análisis de cariotipo para detectar anomalías cromosómicas.

autosome
autosome
[Sustantivo]

any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information

autosoma, cromosoma no sexual

autosoma, cromosoma no sexual

Ex: During cell division, autosomes undergo the same processes of replication and segregation as sex chromosomes. 

Durante la división celular, los autosomas experimentan los mismos procesos de replicación y segregación que los cromosomas sexuales.

transfection
transfection
[Sustantivo]

the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression

transfección, introducción de ADN o ARN extraño

transfección, introducción de ADN o ARN extraño

genetically
genetically
[Adverbio]

in a manner that is related to genetics or genes

genéticamente

genéticamente

Ex: The disorder was analyzed genetically to identify any genetic mutations or abnormalities. 

El trastorno se analizó genéticamente para identificar cualquier mutación o anomalía genética.

haploid
haploid
[Sustantivo]

a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell

haploide, célula haploide

haploide, célula haploide

Ex: Researchers are studying haploids to understand genetic variability and inheritance patterns. 

Los investigadores están estudiando los haploides para comprender la variabilidad genética y los patrones de herencia.

early growth response

a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli

respuesta temprana de crecimiento, factor de respuesta temprana de crecimiento

respuesta temprana de crecimiento, factor de respuesta temprana de crecimiento

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