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自然科学 SAT - 解剖学と遺伝学

ここでは、SAT で合格するために必要な「脾臓」、「動脈」、「一倍体」など、解剖学や遺伝学に関連する英単語を学びます。

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
diaphragm

(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen

横隔膜

横隔膜

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[名詞]
appendix

a sack of tissue that is attached to the large intestine and is surgically removed if infected

虫垂

虫垂

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[名詞]
intestinal

relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body

腸の, 腸管の

腸の, 腸管の

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[形容詞]
prefrontal cortex

the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions

前頭前皮質, 前頭皮質

前頭前皮質, 前頭皮質

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[名詞]
spleen

(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells

脾臓, ほうけい

脾臓, ほうけい

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[名詞]
enamel

the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth

エナメル, エナメル質

エナメル, エナメル質

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[名詞]
clavicle

(anatomy) a bone of the shoulder girdle that connects the breastbone to the shoulder bone

鎖骨

鎖骨

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[名詞]
cochlea

(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations

蝸牛

蝸牛

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[名詞]
cecum

the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen

盲腸, セカム

盲腸, セカム

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[名詞]
torso

the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head

胴体

胴体

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[名詞]
artery

any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart

動脈

動脈

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[名詞]
joint

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

関節, ジョイント

関節, ジョイント

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[名詞]
spine

the row of small bones that are joined together down the center of the back of the body

脊椎, 背骨

脊椎, 背骨

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[名詞]
tract

(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body

経路, トラクト

経路, トラクト

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[名詞]
coronary

relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it

冠状動脈の

冠状動脈の

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[形容詞]
thyroid

a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions

甲状腺, サトウグループ

甲状腺, サトウグループ

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[名詞]
talus

the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot

距骨

距骨

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[名詞]
bladder

a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed

膀胱, 尿の袋

膀胱, 尿の袋

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[名詞]
reproductive

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

生殖的, 生殖に関する

生殖的, 生殖に関する

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[形容詞]
sensory

relating to any of the five senses

感覚の, センスの

感覚の, センスの

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[形容詞]
tactile

relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch

触覚の, タクタイルな

触覚の, タクタイルな

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[形容詞]
retinal

(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina

網膜の, 網膜に関する

網膜の, 網膜に関する

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[形容詞]
auditory

related to the ability of hearing

聴覚の, 音に関する

聴覚の, 音に関する

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[形容詞]
optical

relating to sight or vision

光学的, 視覚に関する

光学的, 視覚に関する

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[形容詞]
chromosome

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

染色体

染色体

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[名詞]
genome

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

ゲノム

ゲノム

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[名詞]
genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents

遺伝子型

遺伝子型

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[名詞]
phenotype

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

表現型

表現型

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[名詞]
allele

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

アレル

アレル

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[名詞]
recessive

(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents

劣性の, 劣性遺伝の

劣性の, 劣性遺伝の

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[形容詞]
dominant

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

優性の, ドミナント

優性の, ドミナント

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[形容詞]
expression

the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits

遺伝子発現, 遺伝子の発現

遺伝子発現, 遺伝子の発現

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[名詞]
to modify

to alter or change the genetic makeup of an organism through genetic engineering techniques

修正する, 変更する

修正する, 変更する

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[動詞]
mutation

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

突然変異, 遺伝子の変化

突然変異, 遺伝子の変化

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[名詞]
to inherit

to receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance

相続する, 遺伝する

相続する, 遺伝する

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[動詞]
lineage

the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family

血統, 系譜

血統, 系譜

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[名詞]
progenitor

a person from whom other offsprings are descended

先祖, 祖先

先祖, 祖先

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[名詞]
transgenic

(of an organism) having genetic material from another species that has been artificially introduced into its genome

トランスジェニック, 遺伝子組み換え

トランスジェニック, 遺伝子組み換え

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[形容詞]
geneticist

a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes

遺伝学者, 遺伝子専門家

遺伝学者, 遺伝子専門家

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[名詞]
karyotype

a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities

核型

核型

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[名詞]
eugenics

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

優生学

優生学

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[名詞]
trisomy

a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two

トリソミー, 21番染色体のトリソミー

トリソミー, 21番染色体のトリソミー

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[名詞]
centromere

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

セントロメア

セントロメア

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[名詞]
palindrome

a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

回文

回文

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[名詞]
cytogenetics

the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques

細胞遺伝学

細胞遺伝学

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[名詞]
autosome

any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information

常染色体, 常染色体

常染色体, 常染色体

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[名詞]
transfection

the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression

トランスフェクション

トランスフェクション

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[名詞]
genetically

in a manner that is related to genetics or genes

遺伝的に

遺伝的に

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[副詞]
haploid

a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell

単相染色体

単相染色体

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[名詞]
early growth response

a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli

初期成長応答, 初期成長反応

初期成長応答, 初期成長反応

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[名詞]
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