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Mga Likas na Agham ng SAT - Anatomiya at Henetika

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles na may kaugnayan sa anatomiya at genetika, tulad ng "spleen", "artery", "haploid", atbp. na kakailanganin mo para mapasa ang iyong SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
diaphragm
diaphragm
[Pangngalan]

(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen

dayapragm, lamad ng tiyan

dayapragm, lamad ng tiyan

Ex: The diaphragm contracts and relaxes to control breathing. 

Ang diaphragm ay umaikli at lumuluwag upang makontrol ang paghinga.

appendix
appendix
[Pangngalan]

a small, narrow tube attached to the beginning of the large intestine

apendise,  apendiks

apendise, apendiks

Ex: Emma was taken to the hospital with severe pain near her appendix. 
intestinal
intestinal
[pang-uri]

relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body

pang-bituka, intestinal

pang-bituka, intestinal

Ex: Intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in digestion and nutrient absorption in the intestines. 

Ang mga bakterya sa bituka ay may mahalagang papel sa pagtunaw at pagsipsip ng mga sustansya sa mga bituka.

prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
[Pangngalan]

the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions

prefrontal cortex, prefrontal lobe

prefrontal cortex, prefrontal lobe

spleen
spleen
[Pangngalan]

(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells

pali, lapay

pali, lapay

Ex: The spleen is an organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen, beneath the ribcage, and is part of the lymphatic system. 

Ang pali ay isang organ na matatagpuan sa itaas na kaliwang bahagi ng tiyan, sa ilalim ng ribcage, at bahagi ng lymphatic system.

enamel
enamel
[Pangngalan]

the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth

enamel, enamel ng ngipin

enamel, enamel ng ngipin

Ex: Enamel is the hard outer layer of the teeth that protects them from decay and damage. 

Ang enamel ay ang matigas na panlabas na layer ng ngipin na nagpoprotekta sa mga ito mula sa pagkabulok at pinsala.

clavicle
clavicle
[Pangngalan]

the long, curved bone that connects the shoulder blade to the sternum

buto ng balikat, klabikula

buto ng balikat, klabikula

Ex: She broke her clavicle while skiing. 

Nabali niya ang kanyang buto sa leeg habang nag-ski.

cochlea
cochlea
[Pangngalan]

(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations

kokleya, suso

kokleya, suso

cecum
cecum
[Pangngalan]

the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen

sekum

sekum

torso
torso
[Pangngalan]

the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head

katawan, itaas na bahagi ng katawan

katawan, itaas na bahagi ng katawan

Ex: The artist sculpted a lifelike statue of a human torso, capturing the muscular contours with precision. 

Ang artista ay gumawa ng isang makatotohanang estatwa ng katawan ng tao, na tumpak na kinukuha ang mga kontur ng kalamnan.

artery
artery
[Pangngalan]

any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart

arterya, daluyan ng dugo

arterya, daluyan ng dugo

Ex: The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which originates from the left ventricle of the heart and distributes blood to the rest of the body. 

Ang pinakamalaking arterya sa katawan ay ang aorta, na nagmumula sa kaliwang ventricle ng puso at nagpapamahagi ng dugo sa iba pang bahagi ng katawan.

joint
joint
[Pangngalan]

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

kasukasuan, pinagsamang buto

kasukasuan, pinagsamang buto

Ex: He underwent surgery to repair a damaged joint in his thumb, restoring functionality and relieving pain. 
spine
spine
[Pangngalan]

the column of connected bones running down the back that supports the body and protects the spinal cord

gulugod,  kolumna

gulugod, kolumna

Ex: Emily injured her spine in a skiing accident. 
tract
tract
[Pangngalan]

(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body

tract, sistema

tract, sistema

coronary
coronary
[pang-uri]

relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it

koronaryo, pang-puso

koronaryo, pang-puso

Ex: Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. 

Ang sakit sa coronary artery ay nangyayari kapag ang mga coronary arteries ay nagiging makipot o nahaharangan, na nagdudulot ng pagbaba ng daloy ng dugo sa kalamnan ng puso.

thyroid
thyroid
[Pangngalan]

a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions

thyroid

thyroid

Ex: Autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis can lead to inflammation and dysfunction of the thyroid. 

Ang mga autoimmune disease tulad ng Hashimoto's thyroiditis ay maaaring magdulot ng pamamaga at dysfunction ng thyroid.

talus
talus
[Pangngalan]

the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot

buto ng buol, talus

buto ng buol, talus

Ex: The talus bone plays a crucial role in ankle stability and movement. 

Ang butong talus ay may mahalagang papel sa katatagan at paggalaw ng bukung-bukong.

bladder
bladder
[Pangngalan]

a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed

pantog, lalagyan ng ihi

pantog, lalagyan ng ihi

Ex: She had to go to the restroom urgently as her bladder was full. 
reproductive
reproductive
[pang-uri]

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

reproduktibo

reproduktibo

Ex: Reproductive organs in animals and plants facilitate the production of offspring. 

Ang mga organong reproduktibo sa mga hayop at halaman ay nagpapadali sa produksyon ng supling.

sensory
sensory
[pang-uri]

relating to any of the five senses

pandama,  pandamdam

pandama, pandamdam

Ex: Sensory receptors in the skin detect pressure, temperature, and pain. 

Ang mga receptor na sensoryo sa balat ay nakakadama ng presyon, temperatura, at sakit.

tactile
tactile
[pang-uri]

relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch

pang-amoy, may kinalaman sa pandama

pang-amoy, may kinalaman sa pandama

Ex: The artist explored the tactile qualities of different materials, using touch as a primary means of expression in her sculptures. 

Tiningnan ng artista ang taktil na katangian ng iba't ibang materyales, gamit ang hawakan bilang pangunahing paraan ng pagpapahayag sa kanyang mga iskultura.

retinal
retinal
[pang-uri]

(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina

retinal,  nauugnay sa retina

retinal, nauugnay sa retina

auditory
auditory
[pang-uri]

related to the ability of hearing

pandinig, may kinalaman sa pandinig

pandinig, may kinalaman sa pandinig

Ex: The auditory system includes the ears and the brain's processing of sound signals. 

Ang sistemang pandinig ay kinabibilangan ng mga tainga at pagproseso ng utak sa mga signal ng tunog.

optical
optical
[pang-uri]

relating to sight or vision

optikal, pangpaningin

optikal, pangpaningin

Ex: Optical illusions play tricks on the mind, challenging our perception of reality. 

Ang mga ilusyon optikal ay naglalaro sa isip, hinahamon ang ating pang-unawa sa katotohanan.

chromosome
chromosome
[Pangngalan]

(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus

Ex: Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes in each body cell. 
genome
genome
[Pangngalan]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

henoma

henoma

Ex: The human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA, encoding all the information needed for human development and function. 

Ang genome ng tao ay binubuo ng humigit-kumulang 3 bilyong base pairs ng DNA, na nag-e-encode ng lahat ng impormasyong kailangan para sa pag-unlad at paggana ng tao.

genotype
genotype
[Pangngalan]

the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents

henotipo

henotipo

Ex: The genotype of an individual is responsible for the inheritance of specific traits, such as eye color and height. 

Ang genotype ng isang indibidwal ay responsable sa pagmamana ng mga tiyak na katangian, tulad ng kulay ng mata at taas.

phenotype
phenotype
[Pangngalan]

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

phenotype, mga nakikitang katangian

phenotype, mga nakikitang katangian

Ex: Eye color, hair texture, and height are examples of human phenotypes. 

Ang kulay ng mata, texture ng buhok, at taas ay mga halimbawa ng phenotypes ng tao.

allele
allele
[Pangngalan]

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

alelo, baryanteng henetiko

alelo, baryanteng henetiko

Ex: In Mendelian genetics, offspring inherit one allele from each parent for a particular trait. 

Sa Mendelian genetics, ang mga anak ay nagmamana ng isang allele mula sa bawat magulang para sa isang partikular na katangian.

recessive
recessive
[pang-uri]

(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents

recessive, nakatago

recessive, nakatago

Ex: Blue eyes are caused by a recessive gene that requires two copies. 
dominant
dominant
[pang-uri]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

nangingibabaw, dominante

nangingibabaw, dominante

Ex: The dominant gene responsible for dimples appears in many family members. 
expression
expression
[Pangngalan]

the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits

pagpapahayag ng gene, ekspresyon ng gene

pagpapahayag ng gene, ekspresyon ng gene

Ex: The expression of the gene was significantly higher in the mutated strain compared to the wild type. 
to modify
to modify
[Pandiwa]

to make partial changes to something, usually to improve it or make it more suitable

baguhin

baguhin

Ex: The engineers modified the design to make the machine safer. 
mutation
mutation
[Pangngalan]

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

mutasyon, pagbabago sa genetiko

mutasyon, pagbabago sa genetiko

Ex: Scientists are studying the mutation responsible for giving certain plants drought resistance. 

Pinag-aaralan ng mga siyentipiko ang mutation na responsable sa pagbibigay ng drought resistance sa ilang mga halaman.

to inherit
to inherit
[Pandiwa]

to receive a physical or mental characteristic genetically from a parent or ancestor

magmana,  mamana

magmana, mamana

Ex: Emma inherited her mother's blue eyes. 
lineage
lineage
[Pangngalan]

the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family

angkan, lahi

angkan, lahi

Ex: She inherited her musical talent from her mother, continuing the lineage of musicians in their family. 

Iniwan sa kanya ang kanyang talento sa musika mula sa kanyang ina, na ipinagpapatuloy ang angkan ng mga musikero sa kanilang pamilya.

progenitor
progenitor
[Pangngalan]

a person from whom other offsprings are descended

ninuno, nagpasimula

ninuno, nagpasimula

Ex: The ancient civilization's progenitors laid the foundation for the cultural traditions that endured for centuries. 

Ang mga ninuno ng sinaunang sibilisasyon ay naglatag ng pundasyon para sa mga tradisyong pangkultura na tumagal ng mga siglo.

transgenic
transgenic
[pang-uri]

(biology) containing genes from a different species that have been inserted artificially

transgenik

transgenik

Ex: The transgenic mouse carries a human gene for studying cancer. 
geneticist
geneticist
[Pangngalan]

a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes

henetisista,  espesyalista sa henetika

henetisista, espesyalista sa henetika

Ex: The geneticist conducted experiments to understand how certain traits are inherited in different animal species. 

Ang henetisista ay nagsagawa ng mga eksperimento upang maunawaan kung paano minana ang ilang mga katangian sa iba't ibang species ng hayop.

karyotype
karyotype
[Pangngalan]

a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities

karyotype, profile ng chromosome

karyotype, profile ng chromosome

Ex: Genetic counselors use karyotypes to explain potential risks to parents. 

Gumagamit ang mga genetic counselor ng karyotype upang ipaliwanag ang mga potensyal na panganib sa mga magulang.

eugenics
eugenics
[Pangngalan]

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

eheniks

eheniks

Ex: The idea of eugenics influenced many early 20th-century social policies. 

Ang ideya ng eugenics ay naimpluwensyahan ang maraming patakaran panlipunan noong unang bahagi ng ika-20 siglo.

trisomy
trisomy
[Pangngalan]

a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two

trisomy, kromosomang anomalya

trisomy, kromosomang anomalya

Ex: Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. 

Ang Down syndrome ay sanhi ng trisomy ng chromosome 21.

centromere
centromere
[Pangngalan]

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

sentromere, kinetokor

sentromere, kinetokor

Ex: The centromere plays a crucial role in the proper segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. 

Ang centromere ay may mahalagang papel sa tamang paghihiwalay ng mga chromosome sa panahon ng mitosis.

palindrome
palindrome
[Pangngalan]

a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

palindrome, palindromic sequence

palindrome, palindromic sequence

cytogenetics
cytogenetics
[Pangngalan]

the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques

cytogenetics, ang cytogenetics

cytogenetics, ang cytogenetics

Ex: Cytogenetics involves analyzing chromosomal abnormalities in patients with genetic disorders. 

Ang cytogenetics ay nagsasangkot ng pagsusuri ng mga chromosomal abnormalities sa mga pasyente na may genetic disorders.

autosome
autosome
[Pangngalan]

any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information

autosome, di-kromosomang hindi sekswal

autosome, di-kromosomang hindi sekswal

Ex: Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. 

Ang mga tao ay may 22 pares ng autosome at isang pares ng sex chromosomes.

transfection
transfection
[Pangngalan]

the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression

transpeksyon, proseso ng pagpapakilala ng dayuhang DNA o RNA

transpeksyon, proseso ng pagpapakilala ng dayuhang DNA o RNA

genetically
genetically
[pang-abay]

in a manner that is related to genetics or genes

sa genetiko, sa paraang genetiko

sa genetiko, sa paraang genetiko

Ex: The disease was found to be genetically inherited, passed down from one generation to the next. 

Ang sakit ay natagpuang genetically na minana, naipasa mula sa isang henerasyon hanggang sa susunod.

haploid
haploid
[Pangngalan]

a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell

haploid, selula haploid

haploid, selula haploid

Ex: Gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, are haploids that fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote. 

Ang mga gamete, tulad ng sperm at egg cells, ay mga haploid na nagsasama sa panahon ng fertilization upang bumuo ng diploid zygote.

early growth response

a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli

maagang pagtugon ng paglago, salik ng maagang pagtugon ng paglago

maagang pagtugon ng paglago, salik ng maagang pagtugon ng paglago

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