SAT Sciences Naturelles - Anatomie et génétique

(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen

diaphragme

a sack of tissue that is attached to the large intestine and is surgically removed if infected

appendice

relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body

intestinal

the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions

cortex préfrontal

(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells

rate

the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth

émail

(anatomy) a bone of the shoulder girdle that connects the breastbone to the shoulder bone

clavicule

(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations

cochlée

the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen

cæcum

the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head

torse

any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart

artère

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

articulation

the row of small bones that are joined together down the center of the back of the body

colonne vertébrale

(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body

tractus

relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it

coronaire

a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions

thyroïde

the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot

talus

a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed

vessie

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

reproductif

relating to any of the five senses

sensoriel

relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch

tactile

(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina

rétinien

related to the ability of hearing

auditif

relating to sight or vision

optique

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

chromosome

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

génome

the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents

génotype

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

phénotype

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

allèle

(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents

récessif

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominant

the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits

expression génétique

to alter or change the genetic makeup of an organism through genetic engineering techniques

modifier

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

mutation

to receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance

hériter

the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family

lignée

a person from whom other offsprings are descended

ancêtre

(of an organism) having genetic material from another species that has been artificially introduced into its genome

transgénique

a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes

généticien

a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities

caryotype

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

eugénisme

a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two

trisomie

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

centromère

a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

palindrome

the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques

cytogénétique

any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information

autosomique

the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression

transfection

in a manner that is related to genetics or genes

génétiquement

a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell

haploïde

a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli

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