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Sciences Naturelles SAT - Anatomie et Génétique

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais liés à l'anatomie et à la génétique, tels que "rate", "artère", "haploïde", etc., dont vous aurez besoin pour réussir vos SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
diaphragm

(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen

diaphragme

diaphragme

Ex: Singers train to use the diaphragm effectively for breath support. 

Les chanteurs s'entraînent à utiliser le diaphragme efficacement pour le soutien respiratoire.

appendix

a small, narrow tube attached to the beginning of the large intestine

appendice

appendice

Ex: The surgeon removed Daniel's inflamed appendix. 
intestinal
intestinal
[Adjectif]

relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body

intestinal

intestinal

Ex: Intestinal parasites, such as worms or protozoa, can cause digestive problems and nutritional deficiencies. 

Les parasites intestinaux, tels que les vers ou les protozoaires, peuvent causer des problèmes digestifs et des carences nutritionnelles.

prefrontal cortex

the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions

cortex préfrontal, lobe préfrontal

cortex préfrontal, lobe préfrontal

spleen
spleen
[nom]

(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells

rate

rate

Ex: The spleen plays a crucial role in filtering blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and helping to fight infections. 

La rate joue un rôle crucial dans la filtration du sang, l'élimination des globules rouges vieux ou endommagés et la lutte contre les infections.

enamel
enamel
[nom]

the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth

émail

émail

Ex: Acidic foods and drinks can erode tooth enamel over time, leading to tooth sensitivity and cavities. 

Les aliments et boissons acides peuvent éroder l'émail dentaire avec le temps, entraînant une sensibilité dentaire et des caries.

clavicle

the long, curved bone that connects the shoulder blade to the sternum

clavicule

clavicule

Ex: The X-ray showed a hairline fracture in the clavicle. 

La radiographie a montré une fracture capillaire dans la clavicule.

cochlea
cochlea
[nom]

(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations

cochlée, limaçon

cochlée, limaçon

cecum
cecum
[nom]

the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen

cæcum

cæcum

torso
torso
[nom]

the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head

torse

torse

Ex: She wrapped her arms around his torso, feeling the warmth of his body against hers. 

Elle enroula ses bras autour de son torse, ressentant la chaleur de son corps contre le sien.

artery
artery
[nom]

any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart

artère

artère

Ex: The walls of arteries are thicker and more muscular compared to veins, allowing them to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart. 

Les parois des artères sont plus épaisses et plus musclées que celles des veines, ce qui leur permet de résister à la haute pression du sang pompé par le cœur.

joint
joint
[nom]

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

articulation

articulation

Ex: He injured his shoulder joint while playing sports, resulting in limited mobility and pain. 
spine
spine
[nom]

the column of connected bones running down the back that supports the body and protects the spinal cord

colonne vertébrale

colonne vertébrale

Ex: The doctor examined Daniel's spine after the fall. 
tract
tract
[nom]

(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body

appareil, voies

appareil, voies

coronary
coronary
[Adjectif]

relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it

coronaire

coronaire

Ex: Coronary bypass surgery is performed to reroute blood flow around blocked coronary arteries, restoring adequate blood supply to the heart. 

La chirurgie de pontage coronarien est réalisée pour rediriger le flux sanguin autour des artères coronaires bloquées, rétablissant un apport sanguin adéquat au cœur.

thyroid
thyroid
[nom]

a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions

thyroïde

thyroïde

Ex: An overactive thyroid can lead to symptoms like rapid heartbeat and weight loss. 

Une thyroïde hyperactive peut entraîner des symptômes tels qu'un rythme cardiaque rapide et une perte de poids.

talus
talus
[nom]

the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot

astragale, talus

astragale, talus

Ex: An injury to the talus can result in difficulty walking or standing. 

Une blessure au talus peut entraîner des difficultés à marcher ou à se tenir debout.

bladder
bladder
[nom]

a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed

vessie

vessie

Ex: The doctor examined the patient for bladder infections. 

Le médecin a examiné le patient pour des infections de la vessie.

reproductive
reproductive
[Adjectif]

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

reproductif

reproductif

Ex: Reproductive behavior includes mating rituals and courtship displays. 

Le comportement reproductif comprend les rituels d'accouplement et les parades nuptiales.

sensory
sensory
[Adjectif]

relating to any of the five senses

sensoriel

sensoriel

Ex: The sensory experience of tasting different foods is influenced by smell and texture. 

L'expérience sensorielle de goûter différents aliments est influencée par l'odorat et la texture.

tactile
tactile
[Adjectif]

relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch

tactile

tactile

Ex: The tactile feedback of the keyboard helped the typist maintain accuracy and speed while typing. 

La rétroaction tactile du clavier a aidé la dactylo à maintenir la précision et la vitesse lors de la frappe.

retinal
retinal
[Adjectif]

(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina

rétinal

rétinal

auditory
auditory
[Adjectif]

related to the ability of hearing

auditif

auditif

Ex: Auditory stimuli, such as music or speech, are processed by the brain to interpret sound. 

Les stimuli auditifs, tels que la musique ou la parole, sont traités par le cerveau pour interpréter le son.

optical
optical
[Adjectif]

relating to sight or vision

optique

optique

Ex: She visited an optical specialist to get her eyes examined and fitted for new glasses. 

Elle a visité un spécialiste optique pour faire examiner ses yeux et se faire adapter de nouvelles lunettes.

chromosome

(genetics) a thread-like structure of DNA that carries genes inside the cell nucleus

chromosome

chromosome

Ex: The chromosome carries the genetic instructions for eye color and height. 
genome
genome
[nom]

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

génome

génome

Ex: Sequencing the genome of different organisms helps scientists understand their evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity. 

Le séquençage du génome de différents organismes aide les scientifiques à comprendre leurs relations évolutives et leur diversité génétique.

genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents

génotype

génotype

Ex: Genetic disorders can arise from variations in an individual's genotype, impacting their health and well-being. 

Les troubles génétiques peuvent résulter de variations dans le génotype d'un individu, affectant sa santé et son bien-être.

phenotype

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

phénotype, caractéristiques observables

phénotype, caractéristiques observables

Ex: The ability to taste certain flavors or digest specific foods is influenced by phenotype. 

La capacité à goûter certaines saveurs ou à digérer des aliments spécifiques est influencée par le phénotype.

allele
allele
[nom]

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

allèle, variant génétique

allèle, variant génétique

Ex: The presence of different alleles can result in variations in physical characteristics. 

La présence de différents allèles peut entraîner des variations dans les caractéristiques physiques.

recessive
recessive
[Adjectif]

(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents

récessif

récessif

Ex: The recessive trait appeared only after both parents passed down the gene. 
dominant
dominant
[Adjectif]

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

dominant

dominant

Ex: A dominant gene for height can result in tall offspring even if one parent is short. 
expression

the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits

expression génique, expression des gènes

expression génique, expression des gènes

Ex: The scientist measured the expression levels of several genes involved in the inflammatory response. 
to modify
to modify
[verbe]

to make partial changes to something, usually to improve it or make it more suitable

modifier

modifier

Ex: Emma modified the recipe to use less sugar. 
mutation

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

mutation

mutation

Ex: Scientists are studying the mutation responsible for giving certain plants drought resistance. 

Les scientifiques étudient la mutation responsable de la résistance à la sécheresse de certaines plantes.

to inherit
to inherit
[verbe]

to receive a physical or mental characteristic genetically from a parent or ancestor

hériter,  transmettre

hériter, transmettre

Ex: Daniel inherited a tendency toward curly hair from his father. 
lineage
lineage
[nom]

the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family

lignée, descendance

lignée, descendance

Ex: The renowned chef was proud to carry on the culinary lineage of their family, using traditional recipes passed down through generations. 

Le chef renommé était fier de perpétuer la lignée culinaire de sa famille, en utilisant des recettes traditionnelles transmises de génération en génération.

progenitor

a person from whom other offsprings are descended

aïeul, ancêtre

aïeul, ancêtre

Ex: The scientist's groundbreaking research paved the way for future discoveries, establishing him as a progenitor in his field. 

Les recherches révolutionnaires du scientifique ont ouvert la voie à de futures découvertes, l'établissant comme un progéniteur dans son domaine.

transgenic
transgenic
[Adjectif]

(biology) containing genes from a different species that have been inserted artificially

transgénique

transgénique

Ex: Farmers grow transgenic corn that produces its own insecticide. 
geneticist

a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes

généticien,  généticienne

généticien, généticienne

Ex: As a geneticist, she researched the genetic mutations that contribute to hereditary diseases in humans. 

En tant que généticienne, elle a étudié les mutations génétiques qui contribuent aux maladies héréditaires chez l'homme.

karyotype

a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities

caryotype, profil chromosomique

caryotype, profil chromosomique

Ex: A karyotype is like a snapshot of a person's chromosomes. 

Un caryotype est comme un instantané des chromosomes d'une personne.

eugenics

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

eugénisme

eugénisme

Ex: Modern science rejects eugenics in favor of ethical genetic research and diversity. 

La science moderne rejette l'eugénisme en faveur de la recherche génétique éthique et de la diversité.

trisomy
trisomy
[nom]

a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two

trisomie, anomalie chromosomique

trisomie, anomalie chromosomique

Ex: Prenatal testing can detect trisomy conditions such as trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. 

Les tests prénatals peuvent détecter des conditions de trisomie telles que la trisomie 18 et la trisomie 13.

centromere

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

centromère, kinétochore

centromère, kinétochore

Ex: Scientists study the structure of the centromere to understand genetic stability. 

Les scientifiques étudient la structure du centromère pour comprendre la stabilité génétique.

palindrome

a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

palindrome, séquence palindromique

palindrome, séquence palindromique

cytogenetics

the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques

cytogénétique, la cytogénétique

cytogénétique, la cytogénétique

Ex: Advances in cytogenetics have improved our understanding of cancer biology. 

Les progrès en cytogénétique ont amélioré notre compréhension de la biologie du cancer.

autosome

any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information

autosome, chromosome non sexuel

autosome, chromosome non sexuel

Ex: Genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis are linked to mutations in autosomes. 

Les troubles génétiques tels que la fibrose kystique sont liés à des mutations dans les autosomes.

transfection

the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression

transfection, introduction d'ADN ou d'ARN étranger

transfection, introduction d'ADN ou d'ARN étranger

genetically
genetically
[Adverbe]

in a manner that is related to genetics or genes

génétiquement

génétiquement

Ex: The scientist studied the trait genetically, exploring its origin in the DNA. 

Le scientifique a étudié le trait génétiquement, explorant son origine dans l'ADN.

haploid
haploid
[nom]

a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell

haploïde, cellule haploïde

haploïde, cellule haploïde

Ex: Haploids are crucial in sexual reproduction for maintaining the chromosome number across generations. 

Les haploïdes sont essentiels dans la reproduction sexuée pour maintenir le nombre de chromosomes à travers les générations.

early growth response

a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli

réponse de croissance précoce, facteur de réponse précoce de croissance

réponse de croissance précoce, facteur de réponse précoce de croissance

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