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Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Ang Kapaligiran at Panahon

Dito matututo ka ng ilang salitang Ingles tungkol sa kapaligiran at panahon, tulad ng "ecology", "refine", "toxic", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
ecosystem
[Pangngalan]

a community of living organisms together with their physical environment, interacting as a system

ekosistema, sistemang ekolohikal

ekosistema, sistemang ekolohikal

Ex: Climate change poses a major threat to many fragile ecosystems.Ang pagbabago ng klima ay nagdudulot ng malaking banta sa maraming marupok na **ecosystem**.
ecology
[Pangngalan]

the scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other

ekolohiya, agham ng kapaligiran

ekolohiya, agham ng kapaligiran

Ex: The research team focused on ecology to explore how pollution affects aquatic life .Ang pangkat ng pananaliksik ay tumutok sa **ekolohiya** upang galugarin kung paano nakakaapekto ang polusyon sa buhay sa tubig.
sanctuary
[Pangngalan]

an area for birds and animals to live and to be protected from dangerous conditions and being hunted

reserbang pangkalikasan, santuwaryo ng buhay-ilang

reserbang pangkalikasan, santuwaryo ng buhay-ilang

Ex: Education programs at the sanctuary teach visitors about conservation and the importance of protecting natural habitats.Ang mga programa sa edukasyon sa **santuwaryo** ay nagtuturo sa mga bisita tungkol sa konserbasyon at ang kahalagahan ng pangangalaga sa mga natural na tirahan.
green belt
[Pangngalan]

a strip of open land around a city where construction is prohibited in order to protect the environment

berdeng sinturon, berdeng lugar

berdeng sinturon, berdeng lugar

Ex: Darlington should preserve its green belt.Dapat panatilihin ng Darlington ang **green belt** nito.
reserve
[Pangngalan]

an area in which animals, etc. are protected

reserba

reserba

environmentalism
[Pangngalan]

provision of care for the environment

environmentalismo, ekolohismo

environmentalismo, ekolohismo

fossil fuel
[Pangngalan]

a fuel that is found in nature and obtained from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago, such as coal and gas

panggatong na fossil, enerhiyang fossil

panggatong na fossil, enerhiyang fossil

Ex: Many cars still rely on fossil fuels like gasoline .Maraming kotse ang umaasa pa rin sa **fossil fuels** tulad ng gasolina.
alternative fuel
[Pangngalan]

any fuel that can be used instead of fossil fuels

alternatibong panggatong

alternatibong panggatong

Ex: Electric cars are becoming popular as an alternative fuel option .Ang mga electric car ay nagiging popular bilang opsyon ng **alternatibong fuel**.
sustainable
[pang-uri]

using natural resources in a way that causes no harm to the environment

napapanatili,  palakaibigan sa kapaligiran

napapanatili, palakaibigan sa kapaligiran

zero-emission
[pang-uri]

(of a vehicle) not producing gases harmful to the environment

zero-emission, walang emisyon

zero-emission, walang emisyon

Ex: Investing in zero-emission technology is crucial for reducing carbon footprints and combating climate change .Ang pamumuhunan sa teknolohiyang **zero-emission** ay mahalaga para sa pagbawas ng carbon footprints at paglaban sa climate change.

referring to actions, products, or practices that aim to preserve or protect the natural environment

palakaibigan sa kapaligiran, berde

palakaibigan sa kapaligiran, berde

Ex: Switching to environmentally friendly transportation can significantly reduce your carbon footprint .Ang paglipat sa **environmentally friendly** na transportasyon ay maaaring makabuluhang bawasan ang iyong carbon footprint.
biodegradable
[pang-uri]

(of an object) able to be broken down by living organisms such as bacteria, which is then safe for the environment

nabubulok

nabubulok

Ex: Certain detergents and cleaning products are formulated with biodegradable ingredients to minimize environmental impact .Ang ilang mga detergent at produkto sa paglilinis ay ginawa gamit ang mga sangkap na **nabubulok** upang mabawasan ang epekto sa kapaligiran.
eco-friendly
[pang-uri]

referring to products, actions, or practices that are designed to cause minimal harm to the environment

palakaibigan sa kalikasan, berde

palakaibigan sa kalikasan, berde

Ex: They installed eco-friendly solar panels to lower their energy consumption .Nag-install sila ng mga solar panel na **eco-friendly** para bumaba ang kanilang energy consumption.
to refine
[Pandiwa]

to remove unwanted or harmful substances from another substance

linisin, dalisayin

linisin, dalisayin

Ex: The oil industry continuously refines crude oil into various usable products .Ang industriya ng langis ay patuloy na **nagpapadalisay** ng krudo langis sa iba't ibang magagamit na produkto.
preservation
[Pangngalan]

the action of keeping something the way it is or in good condition

pangangalaga, pag-iingat

pangangalaga, pag-iingat

nonrenewable
[pang-uri]

(of a natural resource or source of energy) existing in limited amounts and not replaceable after being used

hindi na napapalitan, hindi mapapalitan

hindi na napapalitan, hindi mapapalitan

Ex: Governments are encouraging the reduction of nonrenewable resource consumption .Ang mga gobyerno ay naghihikayat sa pagbawas ng pagkonsumo ng **hindi nababago** na mga mapagkukunan.
conservation
[Pangngalan]

the protection of the natural environment and resources from wasteful human activities

konserbasyon, pangangalaga

konserbasyon, pangangalaga

Ex: Many organizations focus on wildlife conservation to prevent species from becoming extinct .Maraming organisasyon ang nakatuon sa **pangangalaga** ng wildlife upang maiwasan ang pagkalipol ng mga species.
acid rain
[Pangngalan]

rain containing a great deal of acidic chemicals, caused by air pollution, which can harm the environment

acid rain, ulan na may acid

acid rain, ulan na may acid

carbon footprint
[Pangngalan]

the amount of carbon dioxide that an organization or person releases into the atmosphere

carbon footprint, bakas ng carbon

carbon footprint, bakas ng carbon

Ex: The company is working to reduce its carbon footprint by switching to renewable energy .Ang kumpanya ay nagtatrabaho upang bawasan ang **carbon footprint** nito sa pamamagitan ng paglipat sa renewable energy.
climate change
[Pangngalan]

a permanent change in global or regional climate patterns, including temperature, wind, and rainfall

pagbabago ng klima, global na pag-init

pagbabago ng klima, global na pag-init

Ex: The effects of climate change are evident in our changing weather patterns .Ang mga epekto ng **pagbabago ng klima** ay halata sa aming nagbabagong mga pattern ng panahon.
wildfire
[Pangngalan]

a large fire that spreads fast and causes much destruction

sunog sa kagubatan, hindi makontrol na sunog

sunog sa kagubatan, hindi makontrol na sunog

Ex: Aerial firefighting efforts were deployed to suppress the wildfire from spreading further .Ang mga pagsisikap sa aerial firefighting ay inilabas upang pigilan ang **wildfire** na kumalat pa.
tsunami
[Pangngalan]

a very high wave or series of waves caused by an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption

tsunami

tsunami

Ex: After the earthquake , the government issued an evacuation order due to the risk of a tsunami.Pagkatapos ng lindol, naglabas ang pamahalaan ng utos ng paglikas dahil sa panganib ng **tsunami**.
toxic
[pang-uri]

consisting of poisonous substances

nakakalason

nakakalason

Ex: Proper disposal of electronic waste is crucial to prevent toxic materials from leaching into the environment and contaminating soil and water sources .Ang tamang pagtatapon ng electronic waste ay mahalaga upang maiwasan ang mga **nakakalason** na materyales na tumagas sa kapaligiran at makontamina ang lupa at mga pinagkukunan ng tubig.
pollutant
[Pangngalan]

any substance that is harmful to the environment

pollutant, sangkap na nakakapinsala sa kapaligiran

pollutant, sangkap na nakakapinsala sa kapaligiran

Ex: Governments worldwide are working together to address global pollutants through international agreements .Ang mga pamahalaan sa buong mundo ay nagtutulungan upang tugunan ang mga global na **pollutant** sa pamamagitan ng mga internasyonal na kasunduan.
greenhouse effect
[Pangngalan]

a global problem that is caused by the increase of harmful gases such as carbon dioxide which results in gradual warming of the earth

epekto ng greenhouse, phenomenon ng greenhouse

epekto ng greenhouse, phenomenon ng greenhouse

Ex: The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon vital for sustaining life on Earth , but the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by human activities has accelerated climate change and its associated impacts .Ang **greenhouse effect** ay isang natural na penomenong mahalaga para sa pagpapanatili ng buhay sa Earth, ngunit ang pinalakas na greenhouse effect na dulot ng mga gawain ng tao ay nagpabilis sa pagbabago ng klima at mga kaugnay na epekto nito.
smog
[Pangngalan]

a combination of smoke and fog that is considered a form of air pollution

usok na may hamog, hamog na polusyon

usok na may hamog, hamog na polusyon

Ex: On some days , the smog was so dense that schools canceled outdoor activities for the safety of the children .Sa ilang mga araw, ang **usok** ay napakapal na kinansela ng mga paaralan ang mga aktibidad sa labas para sa kaligtasan ng mga bata.
ozone layer
[Pangngalan]

a layer of gases in the earth's atmosphere that does not let the sun's ultraviolet radiation pass through

layer ng ozone, ozonospera

layer ng ozone, ozonospera

Ex: International agreements like the Montreal Protocol aim to protect the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances .Ang mga internasyonal na kasunduan tulad ng Montreal Protocol ay naglalayong protektahan ang **ozone layer** sa pamamagitan ng pag-phase out ng mga ozone-depleting substances.
eruption
[Pangngalan]

the sudden outburst of lava and steam from a volcanic mountain

pagsabog, pagsabog ng bulkan

pagsabog, pagsabog ng bulkan

Ex: The eruption was so powerful that it was heard hundreds of miles away .Ang **pagsabog** ay napakalakas na ito ay narinig sa daan-daang milya ang layo.
deforestation
[Pangngalan]

the extensive removal of forests, typically causing environmental damage

pagkalbo ng kagubatan, pagtrotroso

pagkalbo ng kagubatan, pagtrotroso

Ex: Activists are protesting against companies responsible for massive deforestation.Nagproprotesta ang mga aktibista laban sa mga kumpanyang responsable sa malawakang **deforestation**.

to make a place, substance, etc. dirty or harmful by adding dangerous material

dumihan, makontamina

dumihan, makontamina

Ex: Oil spills can contaminate beaches and marine ecosystems , causing extensive environmental damage .Ang mga oil spill ay maaaring **magkontamina** sa mga beach at marine ecosystems, na nagdudulot ng malawakang pinsala sa kapaligiran.
consumption
[Pangngalan]

the action or process of using a resource such as energy or food

pagkonsumo

pagkonsumo

Ex: Due to the new green initiatives , there 's been a reduction in fuel consumption in the city .Dahil sa mga bagong green initiative, may naging pagbaba sa **pagkonsumo** ng gasolina sa lungsod.
blizzard
[Pangngalan]

a storm with heavy snowfall and strong winds

bagyo ng niyebe, malakas na snowstorm

bagyo ng niyebe, malakas na snowstorm

Ex: Visibility was almost zero in the blizzard.Halos zero ang visibility sa **blizzard**.
Fahrenheit
[pang-uri]

related to or using a temperature scale on which water boils at 212° and freezes at 32°

Fahrenheit, kaugnay ng sukat na Fahrenheit

Fahrenheit, kaugnay ng sukat na Fahrenheit

centigrade
[pang-uri]

related to or using a temperature scale on which water boils at 100° and freezes at 0°

sentigrado, Celsius

sentigrado, Celsius

humid
[pang-uri]

(of the climate) having a lot of moisture in the air, causing an uncomfortable and sticky feeling

mahalumigmig, maalinsangan

mahalumigmig, maalinsangan

Ex: The humid air made it difficult to dry laundry outside .Ang **mahalumigmig** na hangin ay nagpahirap sa pagpapatuyo ng labada sa labas.
monsoon
[Pangngalan]

a period in the summer during which wind blows and rain falls in India or other hot South Asian countries

monson, panahon ng tag-ulan

monson, panahon ng tag-ulan

Ex: Meteorologists closely monitor atmospheric conditions to predict the onset and duration of the monsoon, helping communities prepare for its arrival .Ang mga meteorologist ay malapit na nagmomonitor sa mga kondisyon ng atmospera upang mahulaan ang simula at tagal ng **monsoon**, na tumutulong sa mga komunidad na maghanda para sa pagdating nito.
thunder
[Pangngalan]

the loud crackling noise that is heard from the sky during a storm

kulog, kidlat

kulog, kidlat

Ex: The sudden clap of thunder made everyone jump .Ang biglaang dagundong ng **kulog** ay nagpatalon sa lahat.
Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL
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