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TOEFL のための上級語彙 - 身体的条件と傷害

ここでは、TOEFL試験に必要な「痛い」、「発作」、「潰瘍」などの身体的状態や怪我に関する英語の単語をいくつか学びます。

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
abnormality
[名詞]

‌an unusual feature in someone's body or behavior that may be harmful, caused by duplication or deletion of a single gene

異常, 変異

異常, 変異

blister
[名詞]

a swollen area on the skin filled with liquid, caused by constant rubbing or by burning

水ぶくれ, 火ぶくれ

水ぶくれ, 火ぶくれ

Ex: In severe cases , large or infected blisters may require medical attention to prevent complications and promote healing .重症の場合、大きくまたは感染した**水ぶくれ**は、合併症を防ぎ治癒を促進するために医療処置が必要になることがあります。
sore
[名詞]

a painful spot on the skin, which is usually red or infectious

傷, 潰瘍

傷, 潰瘍

malady
[名詞]

any physical problem that might put one's health in danger

病気, 疾患

病気, 疾患

Ex: The medieval village was plagued by a malady that spread rapidly , causing widespread illness and death .中世の村は急速に広がり、広範囲にわたる病気と死を引き起こした**病気**に悩まされていました。
irritation
[名詞]

a feeling of pain or discomfort in a part of the body that is swollen or sensitive, often caused by allergens, chemicals, or injuries

刺激

刺激

affliction
[名詞]

a state of pain or suffering due to a physical or mental condition

苦悩, 苦痛

苦悩, 苦痛

Ex: The affliction of migraines made it difficult for her to concentrate and disrupted her daily routine .片頭痛の**苦しみ**は、彼女が集中するのを難しくし、日課を乱した。
episode
[名詞]

a period of time it takes one to go through a disease

エピソード, 危機

エピソード, 危機

ailment
[名詞]

an illness, often a minor one

病気, 不調

病気, 不調

Ex: The clinic offers treatment for a wide range of ailments, from allergies to chronic conditions .クリニックは、アレルギーから慢性疾患まで、幅広い**病気**の治療を提供しています。
concussion
[名詞]

a momentary loss of consciousness provoked by a hard blow on the head

脳震盪, 脳挫傷

脳震盪, 脳挫傷

Ex: The doctor ordered a brain scan to assess the severity of the concussion and rule out any potential complications .医師は、**脳震盪**の重症度を評価し、潜在的な合併症を除外するために脳スキャンを命じました。
spasm
[名詞]

a sudden, uncontrollable tightening or contraction of a muscle

痙攣,  収縮

痙攣, 収縮

seizure
[名詞]

a sudden and unexpected start or return of a medical problem

発作

発作

Ex: The family was given instructions on how to handle a seizure episode at home .家族は自宅で**発作**のエピソードに対処する方法についての指示を受けました。
rupture
[名詞]

a severe injury that causes an internal organ or soft tissue to break or tear suddenly

破裂, 断裂

破裂, 断裂

Ex: Severe coughing fits can lead to a lung rupture, resulting in difficulty breathing .激しい咳の発作は肺の**破裂**を引き起こし、呼吸困難を引き起こす可能性があります。
malaise
[名詞]

a feeling of being physically ill and irritated without knowing the reason

不快感

不快感

Ex: After recovering from the flu , he experienced lingering malaise, making it difficult to return to his normal routine .インフルエンザから回復した後、彼は長引く**倦怠感**を経験し、通常の日常に戻ることが難しくなりました。
trauma
[名詞]

damage inflicted on the body as a result of an external force or event

トラウマ, 損傷

トラウマ, 損傷

Ex: Victims of domestic violence often suffer from both physical and emotional trauma.家庭内暴力の被害者は、身体的および感情的な**トラウマ**に苦しむことが多い。
paralysis
[名詞]

a complete or partial loss of the ability to move and feel different parts of one's body, mainly caused by disease or an injury to the nerves

麻痺

麻痺

cramp
[名詞]

a sudden painful contraction in a muscle due to fatigue

痙攣, 筋肉の収縮

痙攣, 筋肉の収縮

Ex: The cramp in his hand made it hard to hold the pen .
miscarriage
[名詞]

the unexpected or spontaneous expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it is mature enough to survive independently

流産

流産

ulcer
[名詞]

a lesion or sore on the skin that might bleed or even produce a poisonous substance

潰瘍, 傷

潰瘍, 傷

Ex: The endoscopy revealed an ulcer in the lining of his esophagus , which explained the persistent burning sensation he felt .内視鏡検査により、彼の食道の内壁に**潰瘍**が見つかり、彼が感じていた持続する灼熱感を説明しました。
cyst
[名詞]

a growth with abnormal features that appears in the body and contains fluid

嚢胞

嚢胞

constipation
[名詞]

a medical condition in which one has difficulty emptying one's bowels

便秘, 便通異常

便秘, 便通異常

diarrhea
[名詞]

a medical condition in which body waste turns to liquid and comes out frequently

下痢, 痢

下痢, 痢

Ex: Chronic diarrhea may indicate underlying health conditions and requires medical evaluation for proper diagnosis and management .慢性**下痢**は、潜在的な健康問題を示している可能性があり、適切な診断と管理のために医学的評価が必要です。
benign
[形容詞]

(of an ilness) not fatal or harmful

良性の

良性の

Ex: The veterinarian informed the pet owner that the lump on their dog 's paw was benign and did not require surgery .獣医はペットの飼い主に、犬の足のこぶは**良性**で手術の必要はないと伝えた。
malignant
[形容詞]

(of a tumor or disease) uncontrollable and likely to be fatal

悪性の,  悪性

悪性の, 悪性

Ex: The oncologist recommended a combination of chemotherapy and radiation to combat the malignant disease .腫瘍学者は、**悪性**の病気と戦うために化学療法と放射線の組み合わせを推奨しました。
chronic
[形容詞]

(of an illness) difficult to cure and long-lasting

慢性的な, 長期にわたる

慢性的な, 長期にわたる

Ex: Sarah 's chronic migraine headaches often last for days , despite trying different medications .サラの**慢性**偏頭痛は、さまざまな薬を試しても、しばしば数日間続きます。
cancerous
[形容詞]

related to or characterized by the presence of cancer, a disease caused by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

癌性の, 発癌性の

癌性の, 発癌性の

Ex: Lifestyle factors such as smoking and poor diet can increase the risk of developing cancerous conditions .喫煙や不健康な食事などの生活習慣要因は、**がん**性状態の発症リスクを高める可能性があります。
contagious
[形容詞]

(of a disease) transmittable from one person to another through close contact

伝染性の

伝染性の

Ex: Quarantine measures were implemented to contain the outbreak of a contagious virus in the community .コミュニティ内での**伝染性**ウイルスの発生を封じ込めるために検疫措置が実施されました。
hereditary
[形容詞]

(of a disease or characteristic) able to be passed on to a child through the genes of its parents

遺伝性の, 遺伝的に伝達可能な

遺伝性の, 遺伝的に伝達可能な

Ex: The genetic counselor highlighted the hereditary patterns in the family's health history.遺伝カウンセラーは、家族の健康歴における**遺伝的**なパターンを強調しました。
congenital
[形容詞]

having a disease since birth that is not necessarily hereditary

先天性の, 生まれつきの

先天性の, 生まれつきの

Ex: Tom 's congenital hearing loss was detected shortly after birth during a newborn screening .トムの**先天性**難聴は、新生児スクリーニング中に出生後すぐに検出されました。
septic
[形容詞]

(of a body part or wound) infected by harmful bacteria

敗血症の, 感染した

敗血症の, 感染した

Ex: He had to undergo surgery to address the septic infection in his leg .彼は脚の**敗血症**感染に対処するために手術を受けなければならなかった。
terminal
[形容詞]

(of an illness) having no cure and gradually leading to death

末期の, 不治の

末期の, 不治の

Ex: Emily 's grandfather 's terminal condition made it difficult for him to perform even simple daily tasks .エミリーの祖父の**末期**の状態は、彼が簡単な日常の作業さえ行うのを難しくしました。
pathological
[形容詞]

relating to or caused by an illness or disease

病理学的な, 病的な

病理学的な, 病的な

Ex: The pathological findings confirmed the presence of a rare genetic disorder .**病理学的**所見は、まれな遺伝性疾患の存在を確認しました。
diabetic
[形容詞]

having a health condition marked by an impaired ability to regulate blood sugar levels

糖尿病の

糖尿病の

Ex: Diabetic individuals should be vigilant about foot care to prevent complications like ulcers and infections .**糖尿病**の人は、潰瘍や感染症などの合併症を防ぐために、足のケアに注意する必要があります。
comatose
[形容詞]

being in a state of coma or relating to coma

昏睡状態の, 昏睡中の

昏睡状態の, 昏睡中の

Ex: The novel described a character who was comatose after a severe head injury.その小説は、重度の頭部外傷の後で**昏睡状態**にある人物を描いていた。
to aggravate
[動詞]

to make a problem, situation, or condition worse or more serious

悪化させる, 深刻化させる

悪化させる, 深刻化させる

Ex: It aggravated the injury when proper care was not taken .適切なケアが取られなかったとき、それは怪我を**悪化させた**。

to recover from a disease or injury

回復する,  療養する

回復する, 療養する

Ex: The athlete underwent intensive physical therapy to help him recuperate from his sports injury and return to competition .その選手は、スポーツでのけがから**回復**し、競技に復帰するために集中的な理学療法を受けた。
remission
[名詞]

a period during which a patient's condition improves and the symptoms seem less severe

寛解

寛解

Ex: He celebrated his fifth year in remission from leukemia , grateful for the advances in treatment that made his recovery possible .彼は白血病からの**寛解**5年目を祝い、回復を可能にした治療の進歩に感謝しました。
pathogen
[名詞]

any organism that can cause diseases

病原体, 病原菌

病原体, 病原菌

Ex: The pathogen responsible for malaria is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito .マラリアの原因となる**病原体**は、感染した蚊に刺されることで人間に伝染します。
inflammation
[名詞]

a physical condition in which a part of the body becomes swollen, painful, and red as a result of an infection or injury

炎症

炎症

to sustain
[動詞]

to suffer or undergo something irritating, especially an injury, disease, etc.

被る, 耐える

被る, 耐える

Ex: She sustained a back injury after lifting the heavy box .彼女は重い箱を持ち上げた後、背中の怪我を**負った**。
to succumb
[動詞]

to die as a result of a disease or injury

負ける, が原因で亡くなる

負ける, が原因で亡くなる

Ex: The patient eventually succumbed to the severe illness despite the treatment .患者は治療にもかかわらず、最終的に重篤な病気に**屈した**。
TOEFL のための上級語彙
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