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人文科学 SAT - 政治と立法

ここでは、SATを突破するために必要な「条約」、「連合」、「サミット」など、政治や立法に関連するいくつかの英語の単語を学びます。

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SAT Vocabulary for Humanities
policy
policy
[名詞]

a set of ideas or a plan of action that has been chosen officially by a group of people, an organization, a political party, etc.

政策

政策

Ex: The school district adopted a zero-tolerance policy for bullying.その学区はいじめに対するゼロトレランス**政策**を採用しました。
referendum
referendum
[名詞]

the process by which all the people of a country have the opportunity to vote on a single political question

国民投票

国民投票

treaty
treaty
[名詞]

an official agreement between two or more governments or states

条約

条約

Ex: The extradition treaty allowed for the transfer of criminals between the two countries to face justice .**条約**により、2国間で犯罪者を引き渡し、裁判にかけることが可能になった。
amendment
amendment
[名詞]

a formal change, addition, or alteration made to a law, contract, constitution, or other legal document

改正, 修正

改正, 修正

Ex: The teacher made an amendment to the syllabus to include an extra assignment .教師は追加課題を含めるためにシラバスに**修正**を加えました。
constitution
constitution
[名詞]

the official laws and principles by which a country or state is governed

憲法

憲法

Ex: The constitution of South Africa , adopted in 1996 , enshrines the principles of equality and human dignity as core values of the nation .1996年に採択された南アフリカの**憲法**は、平等と人間の尊厳の原則を国の核心的価値として定めています。
tenure
tenure
[名詞]

a period or condition of holding a position

任期, 地位

任期, 地位

Ex: Many young professionals aspire to secure tenure due to the job security and benefits it offers .多くの若い専門家は、仕事の安全性と提供される福利厚生のために、**tenure**を確保することを望んでいます。
inauguration
inauguration
[名詞]

a formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office

就任式

就任式

Ex: The inauguration festivities included parades , concerts , and fireworks to celebrate the new administration .**就任式**の祝賀行事には、新しい政権を祝うためのパレード、コンサート、花火が含まれていました。
reign
reign
[名詞]

the length of time during which a king, queen, or other monarch rules

Ex: The museum exhibited artifacts from the reign of ancient Pharaohs .
chamber
chamber
[名詞]

a formal meeting place where discussions or decisions take place, particularly within a administrative or judicial context

議場, 会議室

議場, 会議室

Ex: During the summit , leaders from across the region gathered in the diplomatic chamber to discuss regional security issues .サミット期間中、地域全体からリーダーたちが外交**会議場**に集まり、地域の安全保障問題について議論しました。
Congress
Congress
[名詞]

the legislative body of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives

Ex: The law was reviewed and approved by Congress.
confederacy
confederacy
[名詞]

a group of people or political organization united by a common cause

連合, 同盟

連合, 同盟

prime minister

the head of government in parliamentary democracies, who is responsible for leading the government and making important decisions on policies and law-making

首相, 政府の長

首相, 政府の長

Ex: The Prime Minister's term in office ended after a successful vote of no confidence in Parliament.**首相**の任期は、議会での成功した不信任投票の後に終了しました。
democrat
democrat
[名詞]

someone who supports social equality, healthcare reform, environmental protection, and a more active role for government in addressing social issues

民主党員, 社会民主主義の支持者

民主党員, 社会民主主義の支持者

Ex: In recent elections, Democrats have focused on issues like affordable education and criminal justice reform.最近の選挙では、**民主党**は手頃な価格の教育や刑事司法改革などの問題に焦点を当てています。
liberal
liberal
[名詞]

a person who advocates for progressive reforms, often in politics, economics, or social policies

リベラル

リベラル

Ex: She identified as a liberal and actively campaigned for environmental protections and social justice initiatives.彼女は自分を**リベラル**と認識し、環境保護や社会正義のための活動に積極的に取り組んだ。
Republican
Republican
[名詞]

(in the US) someone who supports or is a member of the Republican Party

共和党員, 共和党のメンバー

共和党員, 共和党のメンバー

conservative
conservative
[名詞]

a person who aligns with or supports the principles and policies traditionally associated with conservative political ideologies

保守派, 伝統主義者

保守派, 伝統主義者

Ex: Many conservative MPs voiced their concerns over the proposed tax reforms.多くの**保守的**な国会議員が、提案された税制改革について懸念を表明した。
communist
communist
[名詞]

a member of a political party that advocates a system aiming for a classless society where resources are owned collectively and distributed based on need

共産主義者

共産主義者

Ex: The communist's speeches often emphasized solidarity among workers and the need for international cooperation against imperialism .**共産主義者**の演説は、労働者間の連帯と帝国主義に対する国際協力の必要性をしばしば強調した。
turnout
turnout
[名詞]

the percentage or number of eligible voters who actually cast their vote

投票率, 参加率

投票率, 参加率

Ex: Efforts to increase voter turnout included extending polling hours and providing transportation.投票率を上げるための努力には、投票時間の延長や交通手段の提供が含まれていました。
democracy
democracy
[名詞]

a form of government where the power is vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives

民主主義

民主主義

Ex: In a democracy, the judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches .**民主主義**では、司法は行政および立法部門から独立しています。
colony
colony
[名詞]

any territory under the full or partial control of another more powerful nation, often occupied by settlers from that nation

植民地, 支配下の領土

植民地, 支配下の領土

realm
realm
[名詞]

a territory or area of land governed by a monarch or sovereign ruler

王国, 領域

王国, 領域

Ex: The king 's coronation ceremony marked his ascension to the throne and his commitment to govern the realm justly and wisely .王の戴冠式は、彼の王位への就任と、**王国**を公正かつ賢明に統治するという彼の誓いを記したものでした。
party
party
[名詞]

an official political group with shared beliefs, goals, and policies aiming to be a part of or form a government

党, 政党

党, 政党

Ex: In celebration of their electoral victory , the party hosted a gala event to thank volunteers and donors for their contributions .**政党**は、選挙での勝利を祝い、ボランティアと寄付者にその貢献を感謝するためのガライベントを開催しました。
pact
pact
[名詞]

a formal agreement between parties, particularly to help one another

協定, 契約

協定, 契約

Ex: The treaty served as a historic pact, fostering peace and cooperation between the formerly rival nations .その条約は歴史的な**協定**として機能し、かつてのライバル国間の平和と協力を促進しました。
proposition
proposition
[名詞]

the act of presenting an idea, suggestion, or proposal for consideration

提案, 提言

提案, 提言

Ex: He prepared a proposition for the council meeting .彼は評議会の会議のために**提案**を準備した。
summit
summit
[名詞]

a formal meeting of leaders, especially heads of government

Ex: Delegates from fifty countries attended the summit.
propaganda
propaganda
[名詞]

information and statements that are mostly biased and false and are used to promote a political cause or leader

プロパガンダ

プロパガンダ

Ex: The rise of social media has made it easier to disseminate propaganda quickly and widely .ソーシャルメディアの台頭により、**プロパガンダ**を迅速かつ広範囲に拡散することが容易になりました。
statute
statute
[名詞]

an officially written and established law

法令, 規約

法令, 規約

Ex: Under the statute, the company must provide annual safety training for employees .**法令**により、会社は従業員に年間安全訓練を提供しなければなりません。
nomination
nomination
[名詞]

the process of officially selecting a candidate for either an election or bestowing an honnor

ノミネート

ノミネート

secession
secession
[名詞]

the formal act of breaking away from a larger political entity or organization

分離

分離

Ex: The secession of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965 marked a significant event in Southeast Asian history .1965年のマレーシアからのシンガポールの**分離**は、東南アジアの歴史における重要な出来事でした。
commonwealth
commonwealth
[名詞]

a politically organized body of people under a single government, typically emphasizing the common good

Ex: The governor addressed the citizens of the commonwealth.
principality
principality
[名詞]

a territory or state ruled by a prince, often smaller than a kingdom but with a degree of political independence

公国, 公国

公国, 公国

Ex: The principality of Sealand , though unconventional , claims to be a sovereign state despite its small size and unique location .シーランド**公国**は、型破りではあるが、その小さなサイズとユニークな場所にもかかわらず、主権国家であると主張している。
manifesto
manifesto
[名詞]

a written public declaration of intentions, opinions, and objectives, often issued by a political party, a government, or a group of individuals with a shared interest or purpose

マニフェスト, 公開宣言

マニフェスト, 公開宣言

Ex: The student union published a manifesto to advocate for better educational resources .学生組合は、より良い教育資源を提唱するために**マニフェスト**を発表しました。
mandate
mandate
[名詞]

the legality and power given to a government or other organization after winning an election

委任, 権限

委任, 権限

Ex: The council received a mandate from its members to negotiate better working conditions with the management .評議会は、経営陣とより良い労働条件を交渉するために、そのメンバーから**委任**を受けました。
delegation
delegation
[名詞]

the process of assigning authority, responsibility, or tasks from a higher authority to a lower-ranking individual or entity to carry out specific duties or functions on their behalf

委任, 責任の移転

委任, 責任の移転

Ex: The delegation of public health responsibilities to county health departments facilitates local responses to health crises .公衆衛生の責任を郡の保健部門に**委任**することは、健康危機に対する地域の対応を容易にします。
homeland
homeland
[名詞]

the place where someone or a group of people come from and feel a strong connection to

故郷, 祖国

故郷, 祖国

Ex: He fought for the protection of his homeland, valuing its history and traditions .彼は**祖国**の保護のために戦い、その歴史と伝統を尊重した。
embargo
embargo
[名詞]

an official order according to which any commercial activity with a particular country is banned

禁輸, 通商禁止

禁輸, 通商禁止

hyperpartisanship

an extreme allegiance to a particular political party or ideology

超党派主義, 過度の党派性

超党派主義, 過度の党派性

Ex: Some scholars argue that hyperpartisanship is undermining democratic processes .一部の学者は、**超党派主義**が民主的なプロセスを損なっていると主張している。
bipartisanship

agreement and collaboration between two major political parties that typically oppose each other's policies

二党制, 二党間の協力

二党制, 二党間の協力

Ex: The mayor's initiative to improve public education received bipartisan support, uniting local politicians from different parties.市長の公立教育改善イニシアチブは、異なる政党の地元政治家を結集させ、**超党派**の支持を受けた。
municipal
municipal
[形容詞]

involving or belonging to the government of a city, town, etc.

市の, 自治体の

市の, 自治体の

Ex: Municipal utilities ensure reliable access to essential services such as water and electricity for residents .**自治体**の公益事業は、住民に対して水や電気などの必須サービスへの信頼できるアクセスを保証します。
electoral
electoral
[形容詞]

related to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms

選挙の, 選挙に関する

選挙の, 選挙に関する

Ex: The electoral turnout in the last election was higher than expected , indicating increased civic engagement .前回の選挙での**選挙**投票率は予想以上に高く、市民の関与の増加を示しています。
self-governing
self-governing
[形容詞]

(of a territory, organization, etc.) making decisions regarding one's internal affairs without external interference

自治の, 自己統治の

自治の, 自己統治の

Ex: The Nunavut territory in Canada is a self-governing region that represents the Inuit people 's interests and cultural identity .カナダのヌナブト準州は、イヌイットの人々の利益と文化的アイデンティティを代表する**自治**地域です。
transnational
transnational
[形容詞]

operating or involving activities across multiple countries or nations

多国籍の, トランスナショナル

多国籍の, トランスナショナル

Ex: The conference discussed strategies for fostering transnational partnerships in the field of healthcare .会議では、医療分野における**越境**パートナーシップを促進するための戦略について議論しました。
geopolitical
geopolitical
[形容詞]

related to the influence and interactions of geographical factors on political decisions, relationships, and strategies among nations

地政学的, 地政学に関連する

地政学的, 地政学に関連する

Ex: The geopolitical importance of maritime trade routes has sparked competition among naval powers .海上貿易ルートの**地政学的**重要性は、海軍大国間の競争を引き起こした。
federal
federal
[形容詞]

relating to the central government of a country rather than the local or regional governments

連邦の, 中央の

連邦の, 中央の

Ex: The federal budget allocates funds for national priorities , including infrastructure and social services .**連邦**予算は、インフラや社会サービスを含む国家的優先事項に資金を割り当てます。
interstate
interstate
[形容詞]

involving or relating to the interactions or relationships between states within a country or federation

州間の, 州際

州間の, 州際

Ex: The interstate treaty established rules and agreements governing trade and cooperation among neighboring states.**州間**条約は、近隣の州間の貿易と協力を統治する規則と協定を確立しました。
authoritarian
authoritarian
[形容詞]

(of a person or system) enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of individual freedom

権威主義的な, 専制的な

権威主義的な, 専制的な

Ex: Authoritarian government frequently disregard human rights and civil liberties in the name of stability .**権威主義的な**政府は、安定の名の下に人権や市民的自由を頻繁に無視します。
consular
consular
[形容詞]

associated with matters or activities of a consulate or consul, particularly the representation and protection of a country's citizens and interests in a foreign city or region

領事の, 領事館に関連する

領事の, 領事館に関連する

Ex: The consular staff organized cultural events to promote understanding and cooperation between nations .**領事館**のスタッフは、国家間の理解と協力を促進するために文化的なイベントを組織しました。
precolonial
precolonial
[形容詞]

relating to the period in a region's history before it was colonized by foreign powers

植民地化以前の, 植民地化前の

植民地化以前の, 植民地化前の

Ex: Precolonial Australia was home to numerous Aboriginal groups, each with distinct languages, customs, and territories.**植民地化以前の**オーストラリアには、それぞれ独自の言語、習慣、領土を持つ多くのアボリジニのグループが住んでいました。
to pass
to pass
[動詞]

to make or accept a law by voting or by decree

可決する, 承認する

可決する, 承認する

Ex: The United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution asking the two countries to resume peace negotiations .国連安全保障理事会は、両国に和平交渉を再開するよう求める決議を**可決**しました。
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