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ACT 人文科学 - 文学と文化

ここでは、"elegy"、"satirical"、"memoir"など、文学と文化に関連するいくつかの英語の単語を学びます。これらはACTの試験を突破するのに役立ちます。

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ACT Vocabulary for Humanities
free verse
[名詞]

a type of verse without rhyme that has an irregular rhythm

自由詩, 自由韻律

自由詩, 自由韻律

stanza
[名詞]

a series of lines in a poem, usually with recurring rhyme scheme and meter

連, スタンザ

連, スタンザ

Ex: The stanza's rhyme scheme was ABAB , giving the poem a rhythmic flow .
sonnet
[名詞]

a verse of Italian origin that has 14 lines, usually in an iambic pentameter and a prescribed rhyme scheme

ソネット, 14行詩

ソネット, 14行詩

Ex: She wrote a sonnet for her literature class , following the traditional 14-line structure .彼女は文学の授業のために、伝統的な14行の構造に従った**ソネット**を書いた。
prose
[名詞]

spoken or written language in its usual form, in contrast to poetry

散文

散文

Ex: The author 's mastery of prose evoked vivid imagery and emotional resonance , immersing readers in the world of her storytelling .作者の**散文**の熟達は鮮やかなイメージと感情的な共鳴を呼び起こし、読者を彼女の物語の世界に没頭させた。
ballad
[名詞]

a tale that is narrated in the form of a song or poem

バラード, 物語歌

バラード, 物語歌

Ex: The ballad's haunting melody and evocative lyrics made it a favorite among fans of traditional music .**バラード**の心に残るメロディーと感情を呼び起こす歌詞は、伝統音楽のファンの間でお気に入りになりました。
antimetabole
[名詞]

a literary and rhetorical device that involves repeating words or phrases in successive clauses or sentences, but in reverse order

アンチメタボレ, キアスムス

アンチメタボレ, キアスムス

a literary device where human qualities or characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, objects, or ideas

擬人化, 化身

擬人化, 化身

Ex: She used personification to depict the flowers as dancing in the breeze .彼女は花がそよ風に舞っているように描くために**擬人化**を使いました。
allusion
[名詞]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

ほのめかし, 言及

ほのめかし, 言及

Ex: The poet 's allusion to Icarus served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overambition and hubris .詩人のイカロスへの**ほのめかし**は、過度の野心と傲慢の危険性についての戒めの物語として役立った。
allegorical
[形容詞]

(of a story, play, image, etc.) using characters or events in a symbolic sense that represent a concept, quality, etc.

寓意的な, 象徴的な

寓意的な, 象徴的な

pun
[名詞]

a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has

駄洒落, 言葉遊び

駄洒落, 言葉遊び

Ex: The pun in the advertisement was so funny that it went viral on social media .広告の**駄洒落**はとても面白くて、ソーシャルメディアでバズりました。
metaphor
[名詞]

a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things to highlight their similarities and convey a deeper meaning

メタファー, 比喩

メタファー, 比喩

Ex: Her speech was filled with powerful metaphors that moved the audience .彼女のスピーチは、聴衆を感動させた強力な**メタファー**で満ちていた。
simile
[名詞]

a word or phrase that compares two things or people, highlighting the similarities, often introduced by 'like' or 'as'

直喩, 比喩

直喩, 比喩

Ex: The poet 's use of a simile comparing the stars to diamonds in the sky adds a touch of beauty and sparkle to the nighttime landscape .詩人が星を空のダイヤモンドに例える**直喩**を使うことで、夜の風景に美しさと輝きが加わります。
irony
[名詞]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

皮肉

皮肉

Ex: Through irony, she pointed out the flaws in their logic without directly insulting them .**皮肉**を通じて、彼女は直接侮辱することなく彼らの論理の欠陥を指摘した。
marginalia
[名詞]

marks and notes written in the margins of a book or document

マージナリア, 欄外注記

マージナリア, 欄外注記

memoir
[名詞]

a written account of a person's own life experiences or a particular period in their life

回想録, 自伝

回想録, 自伝

the story of the life of a person, written by the same person

自伝, 回想録

自伝, 回想録

Ex: The autobiography provided a unique perspective on the civil rights movement .**自伝**は公民権運動についてのユニークな視点を提供した。

a book that combines illustrations and storytelling to convey a narrative, often in a sequential art format

グラフィックノベル, 漫画

グラフィックノベル, 漫画

Ex: She discovered a graphic novel series that explores historical events .彼女は歴史的な出来事を探求する**グラフィックノベル**シリーズを発見しました。
anthology
[名詞]

a collection of selected writings by various authors, often on a similar theme or subject

アンソロジー, 選集

アンソロジー, 選集

Ex: Students studied an anthology of plays by Shakespeare for their literature class .学生たちは文学の授業でシェイクスピアの戯曲の**選集**を勉強しました。
manuscript
[名詞]

a handwritten or typed document that has not yet been published or printed, often used to refer to an author's draft of a book or other literary work

原稿, 草稿

原稿, 草稿

satirical
[形容詞]

intending to mock, ridicule, or criticize a person, group, or society in a humorous or exaggerated way

風刺的な, 皮肉な

風刺的な, 皮肉な

Ex: The film used satirical elements to challenge social norms .その映画は社会規範に挑戦するために**風刺的**な要素を使った。
excerpt
[名詞]

a short piece taken from a longer composition

抜粋

抜粋

scroll
[名詞]

a roll of parchment, paper, or other material containing writing or images, often used for historical or religious texts

巻物, スクロール

巻物, スクロール

interjection
[名詞]

(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion

間投詞, 感動詞

間投詞, 感動詞

Ex: During the debate , the speaker highlighted the importance of interjection in conveying emotions in speech .討論中、スピーカーはスピーチで感情を伝える際の**感動詞**の重要性を強調しました。
tone
[名詞]

the general manner or attitude of the author in a literary work

トーン, 調子

トーン, 調子

canon
[名詞]

a recognized collection of authoritative books, texts, or works within a particular field or tradition, especially in religion

カノン

カノン

Ex: " The Great Gatsby " by F. Scott Fitzgerald is often included in the canon of American literature .F・スコット・フィッツジェラルドの『グレート・ギャツビー』は、アメリカ文学の**カノン**にしばしば含まれます。
protagonist
[名詞]

the main character in a movie, novel, TV show, etc.

主人公, プロタゴニスト

主人公, プロタゴニスト

Ex: The protagonist's quest for redemption and forgiveness forms the emotional core of the narrative , resonating with audiences on a deeply human level .**主人公**の贖罪と許しを求める旅は、物語の感情的な核心を形成し、観客に深く人間的なレベルで共鳴します。
heroine
[名詞]

the main female character in a story, book, film, etc., typically known for great qualities

ヒロイン, 女性主人公

ヒロイン, 女性主人公

Ex: The story is about a heroine who fights evil with her magical powers .この物語は、魔法の力で悪と戦う**ヒロイン**についてです。

the use of words and expressions that are not meant to be taken literally, but rather to create a vivid, imaginative image or effect in the reader's mind

比喩的な言語, 形象的な言語

比喩的な言語, 形象的な言語

melodramatic
[形容詞]

exaggerated or overly emotional in a theatrical or sensational way

メロドラマチック, 大げさな

メロドラマチック, 大げさな

Ex: The teenager 's diary entries were filled with melodramatic accounts of daily challenges and triumphs .そのティーンエイジャーの日記の記録は、日々の挑戦と勝利の**メロドラマチック**な記述でいっぱいだった。
dime novel
[名詞]

a cheap paperback novel often featuring an adventure or melodramatic story

安価な小説, 冒険またはメロドラマ的な物語の小説

安価な小説, 冒険またはメロドラマ的な物語の小説

to turn real events or situations into a tale or story, often by changing or adding to the details

脚色する, 小説化する

脚色する, 小説化する

Ex: Authors often fictionalize distant memories to explore deeper emotional truths in their writing .作家はしばしば遠い記憶を**フィクション化**して、彼らの作品においてより深い感情的な真実を探求します。
backstory
[名詞]

the events that have happened to a character before their story in a book, movie, etc. begins

バックストーリー, 過去の物語

バックストーリー, 過去の物語

Ex: The video game 's immersive storyline included optional quests that allowed players to uncover hidden aspects of the protagonist 's backstory.そのビデオゲームの没入型のストーリーラインには、プレイヤーが主人公の隠された**バックストーリー**の側面を発見できるオプションのクエストが含まれていました。
ghostwriter
[名詞]

an author whose work is published under someone else's name

ゴーストライター, 影の作家

ゴーストライター, 影の作家

Ex: The ghostwriter's name remained confidential while the author 's name was on the cover .**ゴーストライター**の名前は秘密にされたまま、著者の名前が表紙に載っていた。
glyph
[名詞]

a decorative element or symbol carved or inscribed onto a surface

グリフ, 装飾的な記号

グリフ, 装飾的な記号

syntax
[名詞]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

構文, 文法構造

構文, 文法構造

Ex: Syntax analysis helps in identifying how sentence elements like nouns , verbs , and adjectives interact within a given linguistic framework .
dialect
[名詞]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

方言, なまり

方言, なまり

Ex: Linguists study dialects to better understand language variation and change , as well as the social and cultural factors that shape linguistic diversity .
intonation
[名詞]

(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking

イントネーション

イントネーション

Ex: Intonation is an important aspect of spoken language that helps listeners interpret the speaker 's attitude , mood , and intention , contributing to effective communication .**イントネーション**は、話し言葉の重要な側面であり、聞き手が話し手の態度、気分、意図を解釈するのに役立ち、効果的なコミュニケーションに貢献します。
acronym
[名詞]

a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word

頭字語, 略語

頭字語, 略語

Ex: The company name was created as an acronym from its founders ' initials .会社名は、創業者の頭文字から作られた**頭字語**です。
initialism
[名詞]

a type of abbreviation where the first letter of each word in a phrase or name is used to form a pronounceable acronym-like string of letters

頭字語, 略語

頭字語, 略語

etymology
[名詞]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

語源学

語源学

Ex: The etymology of " amplify " reveals its roots in Latin " amplus , " meaning large or spacious ."amplify"の**語源**は、ラテン語の"amplus"に由来し、大きくて広いという意味を表しています。
linguist
[名詞]

an expert in the study of language, examining its structure, development, and cultural aspects

言語学者

言語学者

Ex: Linguists contribute to language preservation efforts , documenting and revitalizing endangered languages .**言語学者**は、危機に瀕している言語を文書化し、活性化させることで、言語保存の取り組みに貢献しています。
mythology
[名詞]

a collection of ancient myths, particularly one that belongs to a group of people and their history, etc.

神話

神話

Ex: Many cultures around the world have their own mythology, which reflects their history , values , and worldview .世界中の多くの文化には、それらの歴史、価値観、世界観を反映した独自の**神話**があります。
chimera
[名詞]

a mythological creature in Greek mythology, typically depicted as a fire-breathing creature with the body and head of a lion, the head of a goat protruding from its back, and a serpent for a tail

キメラ, 神話の生き物

キメラ, 神話の生き物

basilisk
[名詞]

a legendary reptile, often depicted as having a deadly gaze or venomous breath

バジリスク, 伝説の爬虫類

バジリスク, 伝説の爬虫類

Ex: The ancient texts warned of the basilisk's power , advising caution to those who dared to confront it .古代のテキストは**バジリスク**の力を警告し、それに立ち向かう勇気のある者に注意を促しました。
burlesque
[名詞]

an absurd or comically exaggerated replication of a literary or dramatic work

パロディ, バーレスク

パロディ, バーレスク

folklore
[名詞]

the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and legends of a particular community, usually passed down through generations by word of mouth

民俗, 民間伝承

民俗, 民間伝承

Ex: Folklore can also evolve over time , adapting to changes in society and incorporating new influences while retaining its essential character and meaning .**民俗**も時間とともに進化し、社会の変化に適応し、新しい影響を取り入れながら、その本質的な性格と意味を保持することができます。
custom
[名詞]

a way of behaving or of doing something that is widely accepted in a society or among a specific group of people

習慣, 風習

習慣, 風習

Ex: The custom of having afternoon tea is still popular in some parts of the UK .午後のお茶を飲む**習慣**は、イギリスの一部の地域でまだ人気があります。
lore
[名詞]

collective knowledge, traditions, beliefs, and stories passed down within a culture or community, typically through storytelling

知識, 伝統

知識, 伝統

Ex: Exploring the lore of ancient civilizations helps archaeologists understand their societal structures and religious practices .古代文明の**伝承**を探求することは、考古学者が彼らの社会構造や宗教的実践を理解するのに役立ちます。
elegy
[名詞]

a song or poem expressing sadness, especially in the memory of a dead person or a bitter event in the past

哀歌, 挽歌

哀歌, 挽歌

Ex: Through the elegy, the poet found catharsis in expressing their grief and honoring the memory of the departed .**哀歌**を通じて、詩人は悲しみを表現し、亡くなった人を偲ぶことでカタルシスを見出した。
heritage
[名詞]

an individual's religious or ethnic background that is passed down to them from their ancestors

遺産

遺産

Ex: She learned traditional recipes from her grandmother , preserving her culinary heritage for future generations .彼女は祖母から伝統的なレシピを学び、将来の世代のために彼女の料理の**遺産**を保存しました。
time-honored
[形容詞]

(of traditions, practices, or customs) respected and followed for a long time because of their enduring value or significance

由緒ある, 伝統的な

由緒ある, 伝統的な

Ex: The library is a repository of time-honored literature that has shaped generations of readers .図書館は、読者の世代を形作ってきた**由緒ある**文学の保管庫です。
subculture
[名詞]

a group within a larger culture that shares distinctive values, norms, and behaviors, often differing from those of the dominant culture

サブカルチャー, 下位文化

サブカルチャー, 下位文化

Ex: The punk subculture emerged in the 1970s as a rebellion against mainstream culture, with its distinctive music, fashion, and anti-establishment attitudes still prevalent among its followers today.パンク**サブカルチャー**は1970年代に主流文化に対する反逆として登場し、その特徴的な音楽、ファッション、反体制的な態度は今日でもそのフォロワーたちの間で広まっています。
rebirth
[名詞]

a renewed period of growth, popularity, or significance, particularly in cultural, artistic, or economic contexts

再生, 復興

再生, 復興

Ex: The economic rebirth of the neighborhood came with new businesses and community initiatives .地域の経済的**再生**は、新しいビジネスとコミュニティの取り組みと共にもたらされた。
ACT 人文科学
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