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TOEFL のための基本語彙 - 経済

ここでは、TOEFL試験に必要な「信用」、「期限」、「利回り」などの経済に関する英語の単語を学びます。

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
to finance
[動詞]

to provide funds or an amount of money

資金を提供する, 融資する

資金を提供する, 融資する

Ex: Over the years , the government has successfully financed numerous infrastructure projects .長年にわたり、政府は多くのインフラプロジェクトを成功裏に**資金提供**してきました。
capital
[名詞]

money or property owned by a person or company that is used for investment or starting a business

資本, 資金

資本, 資金

Ex: He decided to invest his capital in real estate , hoping for high returns .彼は高いリターンを期待して、**資本**を不動産に投資することに決めた。
credit
[名詞]

the ability to buy something from a shop or receive money from a bank based on trust, without paying for it immediately

クレジット

クレジット

debit
[名詞]

an entry indicating an increase in assets or an expense, and a decrease in debts or income

借方, 借方記入

借方, 借方記入

Ex: The software automatically applies debits and credits .ソフトウェアは自動的に**借方**と貸方を適用します。
expense
[名詞]

the amount of money spent to do or have something

費用,  出費

費用, 出費

Ex: Many people use budgeting apps to categorize their expenses and identify areas where they can cut back to save money .多くの人々が予算アプリを使用して**支出**を分類し、お金を節約するために削減できる領域を特定しています。
due
[形容詞]

(of a payment, debt, etc.) scheduled or required to be paid immediately or at a specific time

支払期日が来ている, 期限が来ている

支払期日が来ている, 期限が来ている

Ex: The next installment for the project funding is due in two weeks .プロジェクト資金の次の分割金は2週間で**支払期日**です。
yield
[名詞]

an amount of profit gained from an investment or business

利回り, 利益

利回り, 利益

Ex: The stock portfolio showed a steady yield, generating consistent profits for the shareholders .株式ポートフォリオは安定した**利回り**を示し、株主に一貫した利益をもたらしました。

a document given by a bank to an account holder, providing a summary of all financial transactions within a specified period

銀行取引明細書, 口座明細

銀行取引明細書, 口座明細

Ex: Online banking allows customers to access and download their bank statements electronically for convenience and record-keeping purposes .**銀行取引明細書**により、顧客は利便性と記録保持のために、電子形式で銀行取引明細書にアクセスしダウンロードすることができます。
benefit
[名詞]

the occasions or events like concert or performance that are arranged with the aim of generating funds for those who are in need

利益,  慈善コンサート

利益, 慈善コンサート

to climb
[動詞]

to increase in terms of amount, value, intensity, etc.

増加する, 上昇する

増加する, 上昇する

Ex: With the growing demand for online services , internet usage began to climb significantly .オンラインサービスへの需要の高まりとともに、インターネットの使用は大幅に**増加**し始めました。
to crash
[動詞]

(economics) to lose value suddenly and significantly

暴落する, 崩壊する

暴落する, 崩壊する

Ex: When the company ’s stock crashed, many investors faced significant losses .会社の株価が**暴落した**とき、多くの投資家が大きな損失を被りました。
collapse
[名詞]

a sudden decrease in something's value, such as a price or stock

崩壊, 暴落

崩壊, 暴落

Ex: The collapse of the housing market left many people unable to sell their homes .住宅市場の**崩壊**により、多くの人々が家を売れなくなった。
debt relief
[名詞]

the act of remitting a person or organization's debts

債務救済, 負債免除

債務救済, 負債免除

income
[名詞]

the money that is regularly earned from a job or through an investment

収入

収入

Ex: The couple reviewed their monthly income and expenses to create a more effective budget .カップルは、より効果的な予算を作成するために、毎月の**収入**と支出を見直しました。
revenue
[名詞]

the total income generated from business activities or other sources

収益, 売上高

収益, 売上高

Ex: The restaurant 's revenue increased during the holiday season .レストランの**収入**は休暇シーズン中に増加しました。
fortune
[名詞]

a very large sum of money

財産, 富

財産, 富

Ex: Despite his vast fortune, he lived a surprisingly modest lifestyle .彼の莫大な**財産**にもかかわらず、彼は驚くほど質素な生活を送っていた。
fee
[名詞]

the money that is paid to a professional or an organization for their services

料金, 手数料

料金, 手数料

Ex: There 's an additional fee if you require expedited shipping for your order .注文の迅速な配送が必要な場合は、追加**料金**がかかります。
to deposit
[動詞]

to put an amount of money or other item of value into a bank account

預ける, 入金する

預ける, 入金する

Ex: The student deposited the scholarship award in her college tuition account to cover expenses .その学生は、経費を賄うために奨学金を大学の授業料口座に**預け入れ**ました。
to withdraw
[動詞]

to take money out of an account, fund, or financial institution

引き出す, 撤回する

引き出す, 撤回する

Ex: They planned to withdraw a portion of their savings to start their own business .彼らは自分のビジネスを始めるために貯金の一部を**引き出す**計画を立てました。
to freeze
[動詞]

to legally prevent money, property, or a bank account from being used or sold

凍結する, ブロックする

凍結する, ブロックする

Ex: During divorce proceedings , a court may issue an order to freeze joint assets until a settlement can be reached .離婚手続き中、裁判所は和解が成立するまで共同資産を**凍結**する命令を出すことがあります。
to overdraw
[動詞]

to withdraw more money from a bank account than is available

オーバードローする, 残高を超えて引き出す

オーバードローする, 残高を超えて引き出す

Ex: He was worried that he might overdraw his account after making a large purchase .彼は大きな買い物をした後、自分の口座を**オーバードロー**するかもしれないと心配していました。
donation
[名詞]

something that is voluntarily given to someone or an organization to help them, such as money, food, etc.

寄付, 貢献

寄付, 貢献

Ex: They appreciated the generous donation from the community .彼らはコミュニティからの寛大な**寄付**に感謝しました。
budget
[名詞]

the sum of money that is available to a person, an organization, etc. for a particular purpose and the plan according to which it will be spent

予算, 財政計画

予算, 財政計画

Ex: The project ran over budget, leading to cuts in other areas .プロジェクトは**予算**を超過し、他の分野での削減につながった。
asset
[名詞]

a valuable resource or quality owned by an individual, organization, or entity, typically with economic value and the potential to provide future benefits

資産, 貴重な資源

資産, 貴重な資源

Ex: Goodwill , reflecting a company 's reputation and customer loyalty , is considered an asset on its balance sheet .
broke
[形容詞]

having little or no financial resources

破産した, 無一文

破産した, 無一文

Ex: He felt embarrassed admitting to his friends that he was broke and could n't join them for dinner .彼は、自分が**金欠**で友達と夕食を共にできないと認めるのが恥ずかしかった。
bankruptcy
[名詞]

a situation in which a person or business is unable to pay due debts

破産, 倒産

破産, 倒産

Ex: The risk of bankruptcy increased as the market conditions worsened .市場状況が悪化するにつれて、**破産**のリスクが高まりました。
fair trade
[名詞]

trading practices that do not put consumers at a disadvantage

フェアトレード

フェアトレード

to transfer
[動詞]

to make a person or thing move from a place, situation, or person to another

移す, 転送する

移す, 転送する

Ex: The software developer had to transfer code snippets from one section of the program to another .ソフトウェア開発者は、プログラムの一部から別の部分にコードスニペットを**転送**しなければなりませんでした。
trading
[名詞]

the practice of buying and selling goods

貿易,  取引

貿易, 取引

economy
[名詞]

the system in which money, goods, and services are produced or distributed within a country or region

経済

経済

Ex: The global pandemic caused significant disruptions to the economy, affecting businesses and employment worldwide .世界的なパンデミックは**経済**に重大な混乱を引き起こし、世界中の企業と雇用に影響を与えました。

‌the relationship between the amount of goods or services that are available and the amount that people want to buy, especially when this controls prices

stock market
[名詞]

the business of trading and exchanging shares of different companies

株式市場, 証券取引所

株式市場, 証券取引所

Ex: The global pandemic had a profound impact on the stock market, leading to volatile fluctuations .世界的なパンデミックは**株式市場**に深刻な影響を与え、不安定な変動を引き起こしました。
share
[名詞]

any of the equal portions of a company's stock that is available for public to buy and gain benefit

株, 株式

株, 株式

Ex: Selling your shares now would mean missing out on future growth .
recession
[名詞]

a hard time in a country's economy characterized by a reduction in employment, production, and trade

不況

不況

Ex: Economists predicted that the recession would last for several quarters before signs of recovery would emerge .経済学者たちは、回復の兆しが現れる前に、**不況**が数四半期続くと予測した。
invoice
[名詞]

a list of goods or services received and their total cost

請求書, インボイス

請求書, インボイス

Ex: He reviewed the invoice for discrepancies before approving it for payment .
fundraising
[名詞]

the process or provision of financial aid for something such as a charity or cause, usually through holding special events

資金調達, ファンドレイジング

資金調達, ファンドレイジング

Ex: The university alumni association hosts fundraising events to provide scholarships for students in need.大学の同窓会は、必要な学生のために奨学金を提供するために**資金調達**イベントを主催しています。
free trade
[名詞]

a system of international trading in which there are no restrictions or taxes on goods bought or sold

自由貿易, フリートレード

自由貿易, フリートレード

Ex: Negotiations for a new free trade deal between the two countries stalled due to disagreements over agricultural tariffs .両国間の新しい**自由貿易**協定の交渉は、農業関税をめぐる意見の相違により停滞した。
free market
[名詞]

an economic system that is not operated by the government rather by free competition and supply and demand

自由市場, 市場経済

自由市場, 市場経済

Ex: The deregulation of industries is often a key component of transitioning to a free market economy .産業の規制緩和は、多くの場合、**自由市場**経済への移行の重要な要素です。
decline
[名詞]

a continuous reduction in something's amount, value, intensity, etc.

減少, 衰退

減少, 衰退

Ex: Measures were introduced to address the decline in biodiversity .生物多様性の**減少**に対処するための対策が導入されました。
commodity
[名詞]

(economics) an unprocessed material that can be traded in different exchanges or marketplaces

商品, 原材料

商品, 原材料

Ex: Investors often include commodities in their portfolios as a hedge against inflation and market volatility .投資家はしばしばインフレや市場の変動に対するヘッジとして、ポートフォリオに**商品**を含めます。
TOEFL のための基本語彙
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