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Vocabulario Avanzado para el TOEFL - Física y Química

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre física y química, como "vacuum", "alkali", "ion", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
vacuum
vacuum
[Sustantivo]

a space that is utterly empty of all matter

vacío

vacío

Ex: The vacuum inside a cathode-ray tube allows electrons to travel from the cathode to the anode without encountering air molecules, facilitating the display of images. 

El vacío dentro de un tubo de rayos catódicos permite que los electrones viajen desde el cátodo hasta el ánodo sin encontrarse con moléculas de aire, facilitando la visualización de imágenes.

to bond
to bond
[Verbo]

(chemistry) to merge or be merged by a chemical bond

pegarse

pegarse

Ex: The nitrogen atoms bond with each other to form the stable N2 molecules found in the atmosphere. 

Los átomos de nitrógeno se enlazan entre sí para formar las moléculas estables de N2 que se encuentran en la atmósfera.

composition
composition
[Sustantivo]

the different elements that form something or the arrangement of these elements

composición

composición

Ex: The composition of air includes nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. 

La composición del aire incluye nitrógeno (78%), oxígeno (21%), dióxido de carbono y trazas de otros gases.

to distill
to distill
[Verbo]

to heat a liquid and turn it into gas then cool it and make it liquid again in order to purify it

destilar

destilar

Ex: During the workshop, they distilled fragrant oils from fresh flowers. 

Durante el taller, destilaron aceites fragantes de flores frescas.

to compress

to press two things together or be pressed together to become smaller

comprimir

comprimir

Ex: She compressed her fingers together to form a tight grip on the handle. 

Ella comprimió sus dedos juntos para formar un agarre firme en el mango.

dark matter
dark matter
[Sustantivo]

(physics) an invisible substance that makes up most of the universe's mass, detectable only through its gravitational effects

materia oscura

materia oscura

Ex: Despite extensive research efforts, the true nature of dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics. 

A pesar de los extensos esfuerzos de investigación, la verdadera naturaleza de la materia oscura sigue siendo uno de los mayores misterios en astrofísica.

antimatter
antimatter
[Sustantivo]

(physics) matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those of regular matter

antimateria

antimateria

Ex: Antimatter is rare in the universe, but small amounts of it can be produced in high-energy particle collisions. 

La antimateria es rara en el universo, pero pequeñas cantidades pueden producirse en colisiones de partículas de alta energía.

catalyst
catalyst
[Sustantivo]

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

catalizador

catalizador

Ex: In the Haber process, iron is used as a catalyst to promote the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. 

En el proceso Haber, el hierro se utiliza como catalizador para promover la síntesis de amoníaco a partir de gases de nitrógeno e hidrógeno.

to accelerate

to increase the velocity of something

acelerar

acelerar

Ex: The electric field between charged particles can accelerate electrons. 

El campo eléctrico entre partículas cargadas puede acelerar electrones.

alkali
alkali
[Sustantivo]

any water-soluble compound that can turn litmus blue and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water

álcali

álcali

Ex: The chemist carefully measured the alkali to avoid a violent reaction. 

El químico midió cuidadosamente el álcali para evitar una reacción violenta.

solvent
solvent
[Sustantivo]

a liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance

disolvente

disolvente

Ex: Water is the universal solvent, capable of dissolving more substances like salt and sugar than any other liquid. 

El agua es el solvente universal, capaz de disolver más sustancias como la sal y el azúcar que cualquier otro líquido.

ammonia
ammonia
[Sustantivo]

a sharp-smelling gas made of nitrogen and hydrogen

amoníaco

amoníaco

Ex: The laboratory smelled of ammonia after the experiment. 

El laboratorio olía a amoníaco después del experimento.

charcoal
charcoal
[Sustantivo]

a hard black substance consisting of an amorphous form of carbon which is made by slowly burning wood and is used as fuel or for drawing

carbón vegetal

carbón vegetal

charged
charged
[Adjetivo]

having an electric charge

cargado

cargado

Ex: The air felt charged with electricity during the thunderstorm. 

El aire se sentía cargado de electricidad durante la tormenta.

conductor
conductor
[Sustantivo]

a substance that permits electricity to pass through or along it

conductor

conductor

Ex: Graphite is a conductor commonly used in electrodes for batteries and in electronic devices. 

El conductor es un material comúnmente utilizado en electrodos para baterías y en dispositivos electrónicos.

crystal
crystal
[Sustantivo]

a solid substance formed when a chemical compound solidifies, with atoms arranged in a highly regular, repeating pattern

cristal

cristal

Ex: Sugar crystals sparkle when exposed to light. 

Los cristales de azúcar brillan cuando se exponen a la luz.

ion
ion
[Sustantivo]

a particle with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electrons

ion

ion

Ex: Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are essential for muscle contraction. 

Los iones de calcio (Ca²⁺) son esenciales para la contracción muscular.

electromagnetic
electromagnetic
[Adjetivo]

referring to the combined interaction of electric and magnetic fields, often associated with waves or radiation

electromagnético

electromagnético

Ex: Electromagnetic fields are generated by electric currents and can exert forces on charged particles. 

Los campos electromagnéticos son generados por corrientes eléctricas y pueden ejercer fuerzas sobre partículas cargadas.

nuclear fission
nuclear fission
[Sustantivo]

the process or action of splitting a nucleus into two or more parts resulting in the release of a significant amount of energy

fisión nuclear

fisión nuclear

Ex: Uranium-235 and plutonium-239 are commonly used as fuel in nuclear fission reactors. 

El uranio-235 y el plutonio-239 se utilizan comúnmente como combustible en los reactores de fisión nuclear.

nuclear fusion
nuclear fusion
[Sustantivo]

(physics) the reaction in which two nuclei join together and produce energy

fusión nuclear

fusión nuclear

Ex: Scientists are researching ways to achieve controlled nuclear fusion on Earth as a potentially limitless and clean source of energy. 

Los científicos están investigando formas de lograr la fusión nuclear controlada en la Tierra como una fuente de energía potencialmente ilimitada y limpia.

to evaporate

to become gas or vapor from liquid

evaporarse

evaporarse

Ex: The spilled coffee has evaporated, leaving a stain. 

El café derramado se ha evaporado, dejando una mancha.

aluminum
aluminum
[Sustantivo]

a light silver-gray metal used primarily for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts

aluminio

aluminio

Ex: The soda cans are made from recycled aluminum, which helps reduce environmental waste. 

Las latas de refresco están hechas de aluminio reciclado, lo que ayuda a reducir los residuos ambientales.

alloy
alloy
[Sustantivo]

a combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant

aleación

aleación

Ex: Stainless steel, an alloy of iron, chromium, and other elements, is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in a wide range of applications. 

El acero inoxidable, una aleación de hierro, cromo y otros elementos, es altamente resistente a la corrosión y se utiliza en una amplia gama de aplicaciones.

copper
copper
[Sustantivo]

a metallic chemical element that has a red-brown color, primarily used as a conductor in wiring

cobre

cobre

Ex: Plumbing pipes made of copper are known for their durability and resistance to corrosion. 

Las tuberías de plomería hechas de cobre son conocidas por su durabilidad y resistencia a la corrosión.

magnetic
magnetic
[Adjetivo]

(physics) possessing the attribute of attracting metal objects such as iron or steel

magnético

magnético

Ex: Magnetic materials, like iron and nickel, can be magnetized by exposure to magnetic fields. 

Los materiales magnéticos, como el hierro y el níquel, pueden ser magnetizados por exposición a campos magnéticos.

friction
friction
[Sustantivo]

the resistance or opposing force encountered when one object moves in contact with another

fricción

fricción

Ex: Brakes work by creating friction against the wheel. 

Los frenos funcionan creando fricción contra la rueda.

corrosion
corrosion
[Sustantivo]

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

corrosión

corrosión

Ex: Corrosion occurs when metal reacts with oxygen in the air. 

La corrosión ocurre cuando el metal reacciona con el oxígeno en el aire.

mass
mass
[Sustantivo]

(physics) the property of matter that gives it weight in a gravitational field and is a measure of its inertia

masa

masa

Ex: Mass is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude but no direction. 

La masa es una cantidad escalar, lo que significa que tiene magnitud pero no dirección.

density
density
[Sustantivo]

(physics) the degree to which a substance is compacted, measured by dividing its mass by its volume

densidad

densidad

Ex: The density of a material can affect its physical properties, such as its strength and buoyancy. 

La densidad de un material puede afectar sus propiedades físicas, como su resistencia y flotabilidad.

velocity
velocity
[Sustantivo]

the speed at which something moves in a specific direction

velocidad

velocidad

Ex: In physics, velocity is a vector quantity that includes both speed and direction. 

En física, la velocidad es una cantidad vectorial que incluye tanto la rapidez como la dirección.

lead
lead
[Sustantivo]

a heavy soft metal, used in making bullets, in plumbing and roofing, especially in the past

plomo

plomo

Ex: In ancient times, lead was often used to make coins and statues due to its ease of shaping and durability. 

En la antigüedad, el plomo se usaba a menudo para hacer monedas y estatuas debido a su facilidad de moldeo y durabilidad.

graphite
graphite
[Sustantivo]

a soft, black, and highly conductive material made up of carbon atoms that is commonly used in pencils and as a lubricant

grafito

grafito

Ex: Nuclear reactors use graphite to slow down neutrons during fission. 
mercury
mercury
[Sustantivo]

a dense, silvery, toxic metal that is liquid at room temperature and can form different chemical compounds

mercurio

mercurio

Ex: Mercury spills require special cleanup procedures. 

Los derrames de mercurio requieren procedimientos especiales de limpieza.

nickel
nickel
[Sustantivo]

a hard, silvery, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metallic element used in alloys and plating

níquel

níquel

Ex: The battery contains nickel as one of its key components. 

La batería contiene níquel como uno de sus componentes clave.

plasma
plasma
[Sustantivo]

a gas with nearly no electrical charge that exists in the sun and other stars

plasma

plasma

uranium
uranium
[Sustantivo]

a heavy radioactive metallic element used in producing nuclear energy

uranio

uranio

radioactive
radioactive
[Adjetivo]

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

radioactivo

radioactivo

Ex: Nuclear power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat produced by radioactive decay. 

Las centrales nucleares generan electricidad aprovechando el calor producido por la desintegración radiactiva.

thermal
thermal
[Adjetivo]

related to heat or temperature, including how heat moves, how materials expand with temperature changes, and the energy stored in heat

térmico

térmico

Ex: During the hike, I felt the sun's thermal rays warming my skin. 

Durante la caminata, sentí los rayos térmicos del sol calentando mi piel.

static
static
[Adjetivo]

remaining still, with no change in position

estático

estático

Ex: The static water in the pond mirrored the serene landscape perfectly. 

El agua estática en el estanque reflejaba perfectamente el paisaje sereno.

synthetic
synthetic
[Adjetivo]

produced artificially, typically based on its natural version

sintético

sintético

Ex: Synthetic diamonds are manufactured in laboratories using high-pressure, high-temperature processes. 

Los diamantes sintéticos se fabrican en laboratorios utilizando procesos de alta presión y alta temperatura.

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