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Masulong na Bokabularyo para sa TOEFL - Pangangatwiran

Dito matututo ka ng ilang salitang Ingles tungkol sa argumentasyon, tulad ng "avow", "posit", "credulous", atbp. na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na TOEFL.

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Simulan ang pag-aaral
Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
to avow
to avow
[Pandiwa]

to publicly state that something is the case

ipahayag, patotohanan

ipahayag, patotohanan

Ex: The politician avowed their commitment to transparency and accountability in government. 

Ang politiko ay nagpahayag ng kanilang pangako sa transparency at accountability sa pamahalaan.

to arbitrate
to arbitrate
[Pandiwa]

to officially resolve a disagreement between people

mag-arbitrate, mamagitan

mag-arbitrate, mamagitan

Ex: The two companies, unable to reach an agreement, decided to have a third party arbitrate their dispute. 

Ang dalawang kumpanya, na hindi makapagkasundo, ay nagpasya na magkaroon ng third party na mag-arbitrate sa kanilang away.

to come out
to come out
[Pandiwa]

to express if one is for or against an idea or arguement

magpahayag, kumiling

magpahayag, kumiling

Ex: During the debate, each candidate had the opportunity to come out in favor or against the proposed policy. 

Sa panahon ng debate, ang bawat kandidato ay nagkaroon ng pagkakataon na magpahayag ng pagsuporta o pagtutol sa iminungkahing patakaran.

to confute
to confute
[Pandiwa]

to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

pabulaanan, pasinungalingan

pabulaanan, pasinungalingan

Ex: The scientist confuted the flawed hypothesis with rigorous experimentation. 

Binuhatan ng siyentipiko ang may depektong haka-haka sa pamamagitan ng mahigpit na eksperimentasyon.

to extrapolate

to estimate something using past experiences or known data

mag-extrapolate, tantiyahin

mag-extrapolate, tantiyahin

Ex: We can extrapolate future trends in technology based on the rapid advancements in recent years. 

Maaari naming mag-extrapolate ng mga hinaharap na trend sa teknolohiya batay sa mabilis na pagsulong sa mga nakaraang taon.

to interject
to interject
[Pandiwa]

to insert a comment, remark, or question abruptly into a conversation

sumabat, putulin

sumabat, putulin

Ex: "That's not true," he interjected, raising his voice. 

"Hindi totoo 'yan," sabay-sabay niyang sinabi, itinaas ang kanyang boses.

to opine
to opine
[Pandiwa]

to express one's opinion

ipahayag ang opinyon, magpahayag ng kuro-kuro

ipahayag ang opinyon, magpahayag ng kuro-kuro

Ex: During the debate, each participant was given a chance to opine on the proposed policy changes. 

Sa panahon ng debate, bawat kalahok ay binigyan ng pagkakataong magpahayag ng kanilang opinyon sa mga proposed na pagbabago sa patakaran.

to pontificate

to state one's opinion in such a manner that shows one believes to be the only person to fully know it and be unarguably correct

magpahayag nang may pagmamataas, magpaliwanag nang may pagmamalaki

magpahayag nang may pagmamataas, magpaliwanag nang may pagmamalaki

Ex: He tends to pontificate about politics as if he knows all the answers. 

Madalas siyang magpahayag ng opinyon tungkol sa pulitika na parang alam niya ang lahat ng sagot.

to posit
to posit
[Pandiwa]

to propose or assume something as true or factual, serving as the foundation for further reasoning or argumentation

ipagpalagay, magmungkahi

ipagpalagay, magmungkahi

Ex: The physicist posited the existence of parallel universes to explain certain phenomena observed in quantum mechanics. 

Ang pisiko ay nagpanukala ng pagkakaroon ng mga parallel universes upang ipaliwanag ang ilang mga phenomena na naobserbahan sa quantum mechanics.

to underpin
to underpin
[Pandiwa]

to back up or form the basis of an argument by providing support

suportahan, pagbatayan

suportahan, pagbatayan

to vacillate
to vacillate
[Pandiwa]

to be undecided and not know what opinion, idea, or course of action to stick to

mag-atubili, mag-alinlangan

mag-atubili, mag-alinlangan

Ex: She is currently vacillating on which college to attend next year. 

Siya ay kasalukuyang nag-aalangan kung saang kolehiyo mag-aaral sa susunod na taon.

ad hominem
ad hominem
[pang-uri]

(of an argument) directed against a person and not their point of view

ad hominem (ng isang argumento) na nakadirekta laban sa isang tao at hindi sa kanilang pananaw

ad hominem (ng isang argumento) na nakadirekta laban sa isang tao at hindi sa kanilang pananaw

bumptious
bumptious
[pang-uri]

too confident or proud in expressing oneself, in a way that is annoying to others

mayabang, mapagmalaki

mayabang, mapagmalaki

Ex: She became bumptious after receiving the promotion, constantly bragging about her achievements. 

Naging mayabang siya matapos matanggap ang promosyon, palaging nagmamalaki ng kanyang mga nagawa.

credulous
credulous
[pang-uri]

believing things easily even without much evidence that leads to being easy to deceive

madaling maniwala, mapagkakatiwalaan

madaling maniwala, mapagkakatiwalaan

Ex: It's surprising how even educated people can be so credulous when it comes to superstitions. 

Nakakagulat kung paano kahit ang mga edukadong tao ay maaaring maging madaling maniwala pagdating sa pamahiin.

dialectical
dialectical
[pang-uri]

referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

diyalektikal, may kaugnayan sa diyalektika

diyalektikal, may kaugnayan sa diyalektika

Ex: The dialectical approach to reasoning involves engaging with opposing arguments to uncover underlying truths. 

Ang dialektikal na pamamaraan sa pangangatwiran ay nagsasangkot ng pakikipag-ugnayan sa mga salungat na argumento upang matuklasan ang mga pangunahing katotohanan.

intermediary
intermediary
[pang-uri]

acting as a conversation medium between two groups of people so they can create an argument

tagapamagitan

tagapamagitan

non-committal
non-committal
[pang-uri]

not expressing one's definite opinion or intention clearly, especially in an argument

hindi tiyak, hindi komitido

hindi tiyak, hindi komitido

polemic
polemic
[pang-uri]

involving rational arguments to support or oppose an opinion, usually the opposite of others'

polemiko

polemiko

Ex: The writer's polemic article sparked heated debates among readers. 

Ang polemikong artikulo ng manunulat ay nagpasiklab ng mainitang debate sa mga mambabasa.

vociferous
vociferous
[pang-uri]

expressing feelings or opinions, loudly and forcefully

maingay, masigla

maingay, masigla

Ex: The opposition party voiced vociferous complaints about the new tax policy during the legislative session. 

Ang oposisyon na partido ay nagpahayag ng maingay na mga reklamo tungkol sa bagong patakaran sa buwis sa panahon ng sesyon ng lehislatibo.

airing
airing
[Pangngalan]

a public expression or discussion of opinions

pagpapalabas, pampublikong pagpapahayag

pagpapalabas, pampublikong pagpapahayag

aporia
aporia
[Pangngalan]

a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

aporia, teoretikal na deadlock

aporia, teoretikal na deadlock

argumentation
argumentation
[Pangngalan]

the process or action of logical reasoning for persuading others

argumentasyon

argumentasyon

chameleon
chameleon
[Pangngalan]

someone whose opinion changes in accordance with the situation

hunyango, oportunista

hunyango, oportunista

casuistry
casuistry
[Pangngalan]

the practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way

kasuistika, sopistikahan

kasuistika, sopistikahan

consensus
consensus
[Pangngalan]

general agreement among the members of a group

pinagkasunduan

pinagkasunduan

Ex: After a long discussion, the committee finally reached a consensus. 
cornerstone
cornerstone
[Pangngalan]

the most important part of something on which its existence, success, or truth depends

batong-panulukan, saligan

batong-panulukan, saligan

Ex: Trust is the cornerstone of any healthy relationship. 

Ang tiwala ay ang batong-panulukan ng anumang malusog na relasyon.

declamation
declamation
[Pangngalan]

the art or practice of giving a speech or reciting a poem with expression and gestures, especially as an exercise for public speaking or performance

deklamasyon, sining ng pagsasalita

deklamasyon, sining ng pagsasalita

Ex: During her public speaking training, she joined a declamation workshop to learn techniques for engaging the audience through vocal inflection and dramatic gestures. 

Sa kanyang pagsasanay sa pagsasalita sa publiko, sumali siya sa isang workshop sa deklamasyon upang matutunan ang mga teknik para makapag-engganyo ng madla sa pamamagitan ng pagbabago ng tinig at dramatikong kilos.

doublethink
doublethink
[Pangngalan]

the state in which one holds two opposing ideas at the same time

dobleng pag-iisip, dalawang-isip

dobleng pag-iisip, dalawang-isip

eloquence
eloquence
[Pangngalan]

the ability to deliver a clear and strong message

katalinuhan sa pagsasalita, kakayahang maghatid ng malinaw at malakas na mensahe

katalinuhan sa pagsasalita, kakayahang maghatid ng malinaw at malakas na mensahe

Ex: The politician's eloquence captivated the audience and earned a standing ovation. 

Ang kahusayan sa pagsasalita ng politiko ay nakahikayat sa madla at nakakuha ng standing ovation.

exponent
exponent
[Pangngalan]

a supporter of a theory, belief, idea, etc. who tries to persuade others that it is true or good in order to gain their support

tagapagtaguyod, tagapagtanggol

tagapagtaguyod, tagapagtanggol

Ex: He is a leading exponent of renewable energy, advocating for its benefits at every opportunity. 

Siya ay isang nangungunang tagapagtaguyod ng renewable energy, na nagtataguyod ng mga benepisyo nito sa bawat pagkakataon.

gag
gag
[Pangngalan]

a limitation on freedom of speech or a restriction on dissemination of information

pansapin sa bibig, sensor

pansapin sa bibig, sensor

intransigence
intransigence
[Pangngalan]

unwillingness to agree about something or change one's views

kawalang-pagpapakumbaba, katigasan ng ulo

kawalang-pagpapakumbaba, katigasan ng ulo

Ex: Their intransigence frustrated everyone trying to mediate the dispute. 

Ang kanilang katigasan ng ulo ay nagpabigo sa lahat ng nagtatangkang mamagitan sa hidwaan.

maverick
maverick
[Pangngalan]

an individual who thinks and behaves differently and independently

iba, nag-iisip nang malaya

iba, nag-iisip nang malaya

Ex: He was known as a maverick in the tech industry, always innovating. 

Kilala siya bilang isang maverick sa industriya ng tech, palaging nag-iinnovate.

slant
slant
[Pangngalan]

a biased or subjective angle in presenting information, often reflecting personal or ideological viewpoints

pagkiling, oriyentasyon

pagkiling, oriyentasyon

Ex: The article had a clear political slant. 

Ang artikulo ay may malinaw na pagkiling pampolitika.

syllogism
syllogism
[Pangngalan]

a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion that logically follows from them

silohismo, pangangatwirang silohismo

silohismo, pangangatwirang silohismo

Ex: The classic syllogism goes: All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore, Socrates is mortal. 

Ang klasikong syllogism ay nagsasabi: Lahat ng tao ay mortal; Si Socrates ay tao; samakatuwid, si Socrates ay mortal.

touche
touche
[Pantawag]

used humorously to show that someone has made a good point in an argument or discussion

touché

touché

Ex: Your critique of my argument's weak points was sharp, touché. 

Matalas ang iyong puna sa mahinang puntos ng aking argumento, touché.

to embroil
to embroil
[Pandiwa]

to involve someone in an argument, conflict, or complex situation

isangkot, magsangkot

isangkot, magsangkot

Ex: The journalist's investigative report unintentionally embroiled several public figures in a controversy. 

Hindi sinasadyang naisangkot ng investigative report ng mamamahayag ang ilang pampublikong figure sa isang kontrobersya.

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