واژگان سطح پیشرفته برای TOEFL - استدلال

to publicly state that something is the case

to officially resolve a disagreement between people

to express if one is for or against an idea or arguement

to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

to estimate something using past experiences or known data

to insert a comment, remark, or question abruptly into a conversation

to express one's opinion

to state one's opinion in such a manner that shows one believes to be the only person to fully know it and be unarguably correct

to propose or assume something as true or factual, serving as the foundation for further reasoning or argumentation

to back up or form the basis of an argument by providing support

to be undecided and not know what opinion, idea, or course of action to stick to

(of an argument) directed against a person and not their point of view

too confident or proud in expressing oneself, in a way that is annoying to others

believing things easily even without much evidence that leads to being easy to deceive

referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

acting as a conversation medium between two groups of people so they can create an argument

not expressing one's definite opinion or intention clearly, especially in an argument

involving rational arguments to support or oppose an opinion, usually the opposite of others'

expressing feelings or opinions, loudly and forcefully

a public expression or discussion of opinions

a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

the process or action of logical reasoning for persuading others

someone whose opinion changes in accordance with the situation

the practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way

an agreement reached by all members of a group

the most important part of something on which its existence, success, or truth depends

the art or practice of giving a speech or reciting a poem with expression and gestures, especially as an exercise for public speaking or performance

the state in which one holds two opposing ideas at the same time

the ability to deliver a clear and strong message

a supporter of a theory, belief, idea, etc. who tries to persuade others that it is true or good in order to gain their support

a limitation on freedom of speech or a restriction on dissemination of information

unwillingness to agree about something or change one's views

an individual who thinks and behaves differently and independently

a biased or subjective angle in presenting information, often reflecting personal or ideological viewpoints

a form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion that logically follows from them

used humorously to show that someone has made a good point in an argument or discussion

to involve someone in an argument, conflict, or complex situation