Zaawansowane Słownictwo do TOEFL - Argumentation

to publicly state that something is the case

uznawać, deklarować

to officially resolve a disagreement between people

arbitraować, rozstrzygać

to express if one is for or against an idea or arguement

wyrazić swoją opinię, opowiedzieć się za lub przeciw

to prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation

odrzucać, obalić

to estimate something using past experiences or known data

ekstrapolować, wnioskować

to suddenly interrupt someone with one’s own opinion or remark

przerywać, wnosić

to express one's opinion

wyrażać swoją opinię, opiniować

to state one's opinion in such a manner that shows one believes to be the only person to fully know it and be unarguably correct

pontyfikować, wygłaszać zdania z arogancją

to propose or assume something as true or factual, serving as the foundation for further reasoning or argumentation

założyć, postawić

to back up or form the basis of an argument by providing support

wspierać, uzasadniać

to be undecided and not know what opinion, idea, or course of action to stick to

wahać się, niepewnie się czuć

(of an argument) directed against a person and not their point of view

ad hominem

too confident or proud in expressing oneself, in a way that is annoying to others

arogancki, wymowny

believing things easily even without much evidence that leads to being easy to deceive

naiwny, łatwowierny

referring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution

dialektyczny

acting as a conversation medium between two groups of people so they can create an argument

pośredniczący, intermediarny

not expressing one's definite opinion or intention clearly, especially in an argument

niezobowiązujący, niepewny

involving rational arguments to support or oppose an opinion, usually the opposite of others'

polemiczny, kontrowersyjny

expressing feelings or opinions, loudly and forcefully

hałaśliwy, głośny

a public expression or discussion of opinions

wyrażenie, dyskusja

a situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory

aporia, sprzeczność

the process or action of logical reasoning for persuading others

argumentacja, logiczne rozumowanie

someone whose opinion changes in accordance with the situation

kameleon, opurtunista

the practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way

kazuistyka

an agreement reached by all members of a group

konsensus, zgoda

the most important part of something on which its existence, success, or truth depends

kamień węgielny, podstawa

the art or practice of giving a speech or reciting a poem with expression and gestures, especially as an exercise for public speaking or performance

deklamacja

the state in which one holds two opposing ideas at the same time

podwójne myślenie, dwojakie myślenie

the ability to deliver a clear and strong message

elokwencja

a supporter of a theory, belief, idea, etc. who tries to persuade others that it is true or good in order to gain their support

zwolennik, orędownik

a limitation on freedom of speech or a restriction on dissemination of information

cenzura, ograniczenie

the state or quality of unwillingness to change one's opinion or behavior

nietolerancja, niedyspozycyjność

an individual who thinks and behaves differently and independently

maverick, indywidualista

a unique approach or perspective that is centered around a particular opinion

podejście, perspektywa

a type of logical argument that uses deductive reasoning to conclude based on two premises claimed or supposed to be true

sylogizm

used humorously to show that someone has made a good point in an argument or discussion

dobre, brawo

to involve someone in an argument, conflict, or complex situation

wplątać, zaangażować