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TOEFL のための上級語彙 - 罪と罰

TOEFL試験に必要な「賄賂」「虐待」「誹謗中傷」など、罪と罰に関する英単語を学びます。

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
to assault
[動詞]

to violently attack someone

襲撃する, 攻撃する

襲撃する, 攻撃する

Ex: Authorities worked to create awareness about the consequences assaulting healthcare workers during the pandemic .
to bribe
[動詞]

to persuade someone to do something, often illegal, by giving them an amount of money or something of value

賄賂を贈る (わいろをおくる), 賄賂を使う (わいろをつかう)

賄賂を贈る (わいろをおくる), 賄賂を使う (わいろをつかう)

to vandalize
[動詞]

to intentionally damage something, particularly public property

破壊する (はかいする), 器物損壊する (きぶつそんかいする)

破壊する (はかいする), 器物損壊する (きぶつそんかいする)

to launder
[動詞]

to make some alterations in order to make something that has been obtained illegally, especially money and currency appear legal or acceptable

資金洗浄を行う, 資金をクリーニングする

資金洗浄を行う, 資金をクリーニングする

to take something for one's own use, especially illegally or without the owner's permission

横領する, 私物化する

横領する, 私物化する

Ex: The artist was accused appropriating cultural symbols without understanding their significance .
contraband
[名詞]

goods or items whose importation, exportation, or possession is prohibited by law

密輸品, 禁制品

密輸品, 禁制品

to smuggle
[動詞]

to move goods or people illegally and secretly into or out of a country

密輸する(みつゆする), 密入国させる(みつにゅうこくさせる)

密輸する(みつゆする), 密入国させる(みつにゅうこくさせる)

to abuse
[動詞]

to cruelly or violently treat a person or an animal, especially regularly or repeatedly

虐待する, いじめる

虐待する, いじめる

Ex: Teachers are trained to recognize signs of bullying and intervene when students abusing their peers .
to abduct
[動詞]

to illegally take someone away, especially by force or deception

誘拐する (ゆうかいする), 拉致する (らちする)

誘拐する (ゆうかいする), 拉致する (らちする)

Ex: If the security measures fail , criminals will abduct more victims .
to swindle
[動詞]

to use deceit in order to deprive someone of their money or other possessions

だまし取る, 詐欺する

だまし取る, 詐欺する

to collude
[動詞]

‌to cooperate secretly or illegally for deceiving other people

共謀する, 談合する

共謀する, 談合する

to conspire
[動詞]

to make secret plans with other people to commit an illegal or destructive act

陰謀を企てる, 共謀する

陰謀を企てる, 共謀する

embezzlement
[名詞]

the act of stealing funds that are placed in one's trust and belong to one's employer

横領(おうりょう), 詐取(さしゅ)

横領(おうりょう), 詐取(さしゅ)

to trespass
[動詞]

to enter someone's land or building without permission

侵入する, 立ち入る

侵入する, 立ち入る

carjacking
[名詞]

the act of violently stealing a car while someone is inside it

車両乗っ取り(しゃりょうのっとり), 自動車強盗(じどうしゃごうとう)

車両乗っ取り(しゃりょうのっとり), 自動車強盗(じどうしゃごうとう)

delinquency
[名詞]

a minor crime or misdeed, especially of a young person

青少年非行, 少年犯罪

青少年非行, 少年犯罪

felon
[名詞]

someone who has committed or has been legally found guilty of a serious crime

重犯罪者(じゅうはんざいしゃ), 犯罪者(はんざいしゃ)

重犯罪者(じゅうはんざいしゃ), 犯罪者(はんざいしゃ)

Ex: The community was concerned about the presence of a felon in their neighborhood .
accomplice
[名詞]

someone who helps another to commit a crime or do a wrongdoing

共犯, 協力者

共犯, 協力者

Ex: The investigators uncovered evidence linking him to the crime , establishing his role as accomplice.
misdemeanor
[名詞]

an action that is considered wrong or unacceptable yet not very serious

軽犯罪(けいはんざい), 不正行為(ふせいこうい)

軽犯罪(けいはんざい), 不正行為(ふせいこうい)

felony
[名詞]

a serious crime such as arson, murder, rape, etc.

重罪(じゅうざい), 重大犯罪(じゅうだいはんざい)

重罪(じゅうざい), 重大犯罪(じゅうだいはんざい)

genocide
[名詞]

a mass murder committed in order to destroy a particular nation, religious or ethnic group, or race

ジェノサイド, 大量虐殺

ジェノサイド, 大量虐殺

to apprehend
[動詞]

to arrest someone

逮捕する, 警戒する

逮捕する, 警戒する

Ex: Special units are apprehending suspects involved in financial fraud .
to extradite
[動詞]

to send someone accused of a crime to the place where the crime happened or where they are wanted for legal matters

引き渡す,  extradite (エクストラダイト)

引き渡す, extradite (エクストラダイト)

Ex: The judge ruled that they could extradite the accused without proper evidence .
to detain
[動詞]

to officially hold someone in a place, such as a jail, and not let them go

拘留する (こうりゅうする), 抑留する (よくりゅうする)

拘留する (こうりゅうする), 抑留する (よくりゅうする)

the act of putting or keeping someone in captivity

投獄(とうごく), 収監(しゅうかん)

投獄(とうごく), 収監(しゅうかん)

to exile
[動詞]

to force someone to live away from their native country, usually due to political reasons or as a punishment

追放する, 国外追放する

追放する, 国外追放する

disciplinary
[形容詞]

relating to the enforcement of rules or the correction of behavior

懲戒的な, 規律に関する

懲戒的な, 規律に関する

to officially take away something from someone, usually as punishment

押収する (おうしゅうする),  confiscate (コンフィスケート)

押収する (おうしゅうする), confiscate (コンフィスケート)

to execute
[動詞]

to kill someone, especially as a legal penalty

処刑する (shokei suru), 執行する (shikkou suru)

処刑する (shokei suru), 執行する (shikkou suru)

to forfeit
[動詞]

to no longer be able to access a right, property, privilege, etc. as a result of violating a law or a punishment for doing something wrong

失う, 放棄する

失う, 放棄する

TOEFL のための上級語彙
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