Podstawowe Słownictwo do GRE - Urządzenia językowe i literackie

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialekt

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

składnia, struktura zdań

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

deklinacja, gramatyczna deklinacja

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

fleksja, odmienność

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

konjugować, odmieniać

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

inwersja, zmiana kolejności wyrazów

(grammar) a particular form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that acts as the direct object of a verb or preposition, used in some languages such as Greek or Latin

biernik

(in the grammar of some languages) the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used when addressing a particular person or thing

wołacz

relating to a grammatical case that is used to indicate possession, origin, or a close association

genitywny

‌(of verbs) a form or mood that represents possibility, doubt, or wishes

tryb łączenia

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that is used to show by what means or by whom an action is done or to indicate the source of the action, found in some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit

ablativ

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that shows the place of an action or where a person or thing is

lokatyw

(grammar) describing an adjective or noun following a linking verb and completing the meaning of the copula

predykatywny, predykatywna

a grammatical case used for the subject of a sentence or clause

(grammar)(of a noun or adjective) joined directly to a noun and modifying it, without a linking verb

atrybutywny, atrybutywna

(grammar) the mood of a verb that states a fact

tryb oznajmujący

(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question

interrogatyw, słowo pytające

(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine

rodzaj nijaki

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

afiks, przyrostek/przedrostek

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliteracja

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironia

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

aluzja, nawiązanie

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satyra, satyry

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eufemizm

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogia, analogiczność językowa

(of a person) able to express thoughts or ideas in a clear and consistent manner

spójny, jasny

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etymologia

(of people) unable to express oneself clearly or easily

nieartykułowany, niezrozumiały

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautologia

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with the sentences and the contexts in which they are used

pragmatyka

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

fonetyka

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

fonem

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morfen

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

leksem, jednostka leksykalna

a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language

alofon, wariant fonemu

(grammar) the act of omitting a word or words from a sentence, when the meaning is complete and the omission is understood from the context

elipsa, pominięcie

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonim

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homofon

(phonetics) a gliding speech sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable

diftong

a word that mimics the sound it represents

onomatopeja