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Vocabulaire Essentiel pour le GRE - La Langue

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur la langue, tels que "locatif", "neutre", "ironie", etc., qui sont nécessaires pour l'examen GRE.

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Essential Words Needed for the GRE
dialect
dialect
[nom]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

dialecte

dialecte

Ex: Regional dialects in English, such as British English, American English, and Australian English, vary in pronunciation, vocabulary, and even grammar rules. 

Les dialectes régionaux en anglais, tels que l'anglais britannique, l'anglais américain et l'anglais australien, varient en prononciation, vocabulaire et même en règles grammaticales.

syntax
syntax
[nom]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

syntaxe

syntaxe

Ex: Understanding the syntax of a language is crucial for constructing grammatically correct and meaningful sentences. 

Comprendre la syntaxe d'une langue est crucial pour construire des phrases grammaticalement correctes et significatives.

declension

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

déclinaison

déclinaison

Ex: Studying the declension patterns of Russian nouns can be challenging for language learners due to the extensive variations in endings. 

Étudier les modèles de déclinaison des noms russes peut être difficile pour les apprenants en langue en raison des variations importantes des terminaisons.

inflection

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

flexion, adjonction de désinence, déclinaison

flexion, adjonction de désinence, déclinaison

Ex: Latin relies heavily on inflection to convey grammatical relationships. 

Le latin repose fortement sur l'inflexion pour exprimer les relations grammaticales.

to conjugate

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

conjuguer

conjuguer

Ex: The linguistics professor explained how different languages conjugate verbs differently based on their grammatical structures. 

Le professeur de linguistique a expliqué comment différentes langues conjuguent les verbes différemment en fonction de leurs structures grammaticales.

inversion

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

inversion

inversion

Ex: Poets often use inversion to maintain meter and rhythm in their works. 

Les poètes utilisent souvent l'inversion pour maintenir le mètre et le rythme dans leurs œuvres.

accusative

(grammar) a particular form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that acts as the direct object of a verb or preposition, used in some languages such as Greek or Latin

accusatif

accusatif

Ex: The accusative case in English can be seen in "I see him." 

Le cas accusatif en anglais peut être vu dans "Je le vois."

vocative

(in the grammar of some languages) the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used when addressing a particular person or thing

vocatif

vocatif

Ex: The vocative is less distinct in modern English but still evident in certain phrases. 

Le vocatif est moins distinct en anglais moderne mais encore évident dans certaines phrases.

genitive
genitive
[Adjectif]

relating to a grammatical case that is used to indicate possession, origin, or a close association

génitif

génitif

Ex: She asked for clarification on the genitive usage in compound nouns. 

Elle a demandé des éclaircissements sur l'usage du génitif dans les noms composés.

subjunctive

‌(of verbs) a form or mood that represents possibility, doubt, or wishes

subjonctif

subjonctif

Ex: In English, the subjunctive appears in phrases like "If I were you." 

En anglais, le subjonctif apparaît dans des phrases comme "Si j'étais toi."

ablative

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that is used to show by what means or by whom an action is done or to indicate the source of the action, found in some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit

ablatif, cas ablatif

ablatif, cas ablatif

Ex: Mastery of the ablative is essential for reading and writing in Latin. 

La maîtrise de l'ablatif est essentielle pour lire et écrire en latin.

locative

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that shows the place of an action or where a person or thing is

locatif

locatif

Ex: In some languages, the locative expresses concepts like "at home" or "in the city." 

Dans certaines langues, le locatif exprime des concepts comme "à la maison" ou "dans la ville".

predicative
predicative
[Adjectif]

(grammar) describing an adjective or noun following a linking verb and completing the meaning of the copula

prédicatif

prédicatif

Ex: Predicative adjectives follow verbs like "be," "seem," "appear," and "become." 

Les adjectifs prédicatifs suivent des verbes comme "être", "sembler", "apparaître" et "devenir".

nominative

a grammatical case used for the subject of a sentence or clause

nominatif, cas nominatif

nominatif, cas nominatif

Ex: The "I" nominative is used when referring to oneself as the subject. 

Le nominatif "je" est utilisé pour se référer à soi-même en tant que sujet.

attributive
attributive
[Adjectif]

(grammar)(of a noun or adjective) joined directly to a noun and modifying it, without a linking verb

attributif

attributif

Ex: Attributives can change the meaning or emphasis of a sentence. 

Les attributifs peuvent changer le sens ou l'emphase d'une phrase.

indicative

(grammar) the mood of a verb that states a fact

indicatif

indicatif

Ex: In Latin, the indicative indicates actions that are considered factual. 

En latin, l'indicatif indique des actions considérées comme factuelles.

interrogative

(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question

interrogatif

interrogatif

Ex: Interrogatives in English often begin with question words like "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," or "how." 

Les interrogatifs en anglais commencent souvent par des mots interrogatifs comme "qui", "quoi", "où", "quand", "pourquoi" ou "comment".

neuter
neuter
[nom]

(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine

neutre

neutre

Ex: Latin has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. 

Le latin a trois genres : masculin, féminin et neutre.

affix
affix
[nom]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

affix

affix

Ex: The affix "un-" changes the meaning of adjectives to their opposites. 

L'affixe "un-" change le sens des adjectifs en leurs opposés.

alliteration

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

allitération

allitération

Ex: Alliteration adds a rhythmic quality to speeches and poetry. 

Allitération ajoute une qualité rythmique aux discours et à la poésie.

irony
irony
[nom]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironie

ironie

Ex: She used irony to criticize the absurdity of the situation. 
allusion

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

allusion

allusion

Ex: The novel's title, "Brave New World," is an allusion to Shakespeare's "The Tempest," suggesting themes of exploration and discovery. 

Le titre du roman, "Le Meilleur des mondes", est une allusion à "La Tempête" de Shakespeare, suggérant des thèmes d'exploration et de découverte.

satire
satire
[nom]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satire

satire

Ex: Swift's satire of British policies in "A Modest Proposal" is still studied today. 

La satire des politiques britanniques de Swift dans "Une Modeste Proposition" est encore étudiée aujourd'hui.

euphemism

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

euphémisme

euphémisme

Ex: To avoid upsetting the children, she employed a euphemism, saying their pet rabbit had "gone to a farm" instead of mentioning its death. 

Pour éviter de contrarier les enfants, elle a employé un euphémisme, disant que leur lapin de compagnie était "parti à la ferme" au lieu de mentionner sa mort.

analogy
analogy
[nom]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analogie

analogie

Ex: Using analogy, she created the word "brang" to describe a past action, following the pattern of "ring" and "rang." 
coherent
coherent
[Adjectif]

(of a person) able to express thoughts or ideas in a clear and consistent manner

cohérent

cohérent

Ex: A coherent person can present complex ideas in a simple way. 

Une personne cohérente peut présenter des idées complexes de manière simple.

etymology

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

étymologie

étymologie

Ex: Studying etymology helps understand how languages evolve and borrow from each other. 

L'étude de l'étymologie aide à comprendre comment les langues évoluent et empruntent les unes aux autres.

inarticulate
inarticulate
[Adjectif]

(of people) unable to express oneself clearly or easily

incapable de s'exprimer, qui s’exprime mal

incapable de s'exprimer, qui s’exprime mal

Ex: He felt frustrated with his inarticulate explanation, unable to articulate his ideas clearly. 

Il se sentait frustré par son explication inarticulée, incapable d'exprimer clairement ses idées.

tautology

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautologie

tautologie

Ex: Many beginners in writing often make the mistake of using tautologies without realizing it. 

De nombreux débutants en écriture font souvent l'erreur d'utiliser des tautologies sans s'en rendre compte.

pragmatics

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with the sentences and the contexts in which they are used

pragmatique

pragmatique

Ex: Understanding pragmatics helps interpreters navigate subtle nuances in diplomatic negotiations. 

Comprendre la pragmatique aide les interprètes à naviguer dans les nuances subtiles des négociations diplomatiques.

phonetics

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

phonétique

phonétique

Ex: A phonetics researcher analyzes speech sounds using techniques such as spectrograms and acoustic analysis to understand their properties and patterns. 
phoneme
phoneme
[nom]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

phonème

phonème

Ex: For example, in English, the phonemes /p/ and /b/ are distinct because they can change the meaning of words like "pat" and "bat." 

Par exemple, en anglais, les phonèmes /p/ et /b/ sont distincts car ils peuvent changer le sens des mots comme "pat" et "bat".

morpheme

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morphème

morphème

Ex: The word "unhappiness" contains three morphemes: "un-," "happy," and "-ness." 

Le mot "unhappiness" contient trois morphèmes : "un-", "happy" et "-ness".

lexeme
lexeme
[nom]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

lexème

lexème

Ex: For example, the lexeme "run" includes the base form "run," as well as its inflections like "ran," "running," and "runs." 

Par exemple, le lexème "run" inclut la forme de base "run", ainsi que ses flexions comme "ran", "running" et "runs".

allophone

a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language

allophone

allophone

Ex: The pronunciation of the "t" sound in "water" as a flap [ɾ] in American English is an allophone of the phoneme /t/. 

La prononciation du son "t" dans "water" comme une battue [ɾ] en anglais américain est un allophone du phonème /t/.

ellipsis

(grammar) the act of omitting a word or words from a sentence, when the meaning is complete and the omission is understood from the context

ellipse

ellipse

Ex: In text messaging, ellipses can convey hesitation or trailing off in conversation. 

Dans les messages texte, les points de suspension peuvent exprimer une hésitation ou une fin de phrase qui traîne en longueur.

homonym
homonym
[nom]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonyme

homonyme

Ex: The homonym "row" can mean both a line of things and an argument. 

L'homonyme "row" peut signifier à la fois une ligne de choses et une dispute.

homophone

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homophone

homophone

Ex: When writing poetry, some poets cleverly use homophones to add layers of meaning to their verses. 

Lors de l'écriture de poésie, certains poètes utilisent habilement des homophones pour ajouter des couches de sens à leurs vers.

diphthong

(phonetics) a gliding speech sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable

diphtongue

diphtongue

Ex: Learning to pronounce diphthongs accurately is important for clear communication. 

Apprendre à prononcer les diphtongues avec précision est important pour une communication claire.

onomatopoeia

a word that mimics the sound it represents

onomatopée

onomatopée

Ex: Poets often employ onomatopoeia to evoke sensory experiences through language. 

Les poètes utilisent souvent l'onomatopée pour évoquer des expériences sensorielles à travers le langage.

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