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Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa GRE - Wika at Mga Kagamitang Pampanitikan

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa wika, tulad ng "locative", "neuter", "irony", atbp., na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na GRE.

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Flashcards

Pagbaybay

Pagsusulit

Simulan ang pag-aaral
Essential Words Needed for the GRE
dialect
dialect
[Pangngalan]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

diyalekto, wikain

diyalekto, wikain

Ex: A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by a particular group of people, characterized by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. 

Ang isang diyalekto ay isang uri ng wika na sinasalita ng isang partikular na grupo ng mga tao, na nailalarawan sa pamamagitan ng natatanging bokabularyo, gramatika, at pagbigkas.

syntax
syntax
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

Ex: In linguistics, syntax refers to the rules that govern the structure of sentences, determining how words are arranged to convey meaning. 

Sa lingguwistika, ang sintaks ay tumutukoy sa mga tuntunin na namamahala sa istruktura ng mga pangungusap, na tumutukoy kung paano inayos ang mga salita upang maghatid ng kahulugan.

declension
declension
[Pangngalan]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

Ex: Studying the declension patterns of Russian nouns can be challenging for language learners due to the extensive variations in endings. 

Ang pag-aaral ng mga pattern ng declension ng mga pangngalang Ruso ay maaaring maging mahirap para sa mga nag-aaral ng wika dahil sa malawak na pagkakaiba-iba ng mga pagtatapos.

inflection
inflection
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

paglalapi, hulapi

paglalapi, hulapi

Ex: Verb inflection in English shows tense, as in "walk" vs. "walked." 

Ang paglalapi ng pandiwa sa Ingles ay nagpapakita ng panahunan, tulad ng "walk" vs "walked".

to conjugate
to conjugate
[Pandiwa]

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

i-conjugate

i-conjugate

Ex: In Spanish class, we learned how to conjugate regular verbs in the present tense. 

Sa klase ng Espanyol, natutunan namin kung paano i-conjugate ang mga regular na pandiwa sa present tense.

inversion
inversion
[Pangngalan]

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

paglalapi, pagbabaligtad

paglalapi, pagbabaligtad

Ex: Inversion is commonly used in questions, like "Are you coming?" 

Ang inversion ay karaniwang ginagamit sa mga tanong, tulad ng "Pupunta ka ba?"

accusative
accusative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a particular form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that acts as the direct object of a verb or preposition, used in some languages such as Greek or Latin

akusatibo, kaukulang akusatibo

akusatibo, kaukulang akusatibo

Ex: In the sentence 'She reads the book,' 'the book' functions as the accusative. 

Sa pangungusap na 'Binabasa niya ang libro', 'ang libro' ay gumaganap bilang akusatibo.

vocative
vocative
[Pangngalan]

(in the grammar of some languages) the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used when addressing a particular person or thing

bokatibo, pangngalan sa pagtawag

bokatibo, pangngalan sa pagtawag

Ex: "O captain, my captain" is an example of the vocative in English poetry. 

"O kapitan, aking kapitan" ay isang halimbawa ng pantawag sa tulang Ingles.

genitive
genitive
[pang-uri]

relating to a grammatical case that is used to indicate possession, origin, or a close association

henitibo, may kaugnayan sa kasong henitibo

henitibo, may kaugnayan sa kasong henitibo

Ex: She asked for clarification on the genitive usage in compound nouns. 

Humingi siya ng paglilinaw tungkol sa paggamit ng genitive sa mga pangngalang tambalan.

subjunctive
subjunctive
[Pangngalan]

‌(of verbs) a form or mood that represents possibility, doubt, or wishes

pandiwang pahiwatig

pandiwang pahiwatig

Ex: Understanding the subjunctive is crucial for forming complex sentences in French. 

Ang pag-unawa sa subjunctive ay mahalaga para sa pagbuo ng mga kumplikadong pangungusap sa Pranses.

ablative
ablative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that is used to show by what means or by whom an action is done or to indicate the source of the action, found in some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit

ablative, kaukulang ablative

ablative, kaukulang ablative

Ex: The teacher explained that "in the city" would be in the ablative to indicate location. 

Ipinaliwanag ng guro na ang "sa lungsod" ay nasa ablative upang ipahiwatig ang lokasyon.

locative
locative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that shows the place of an action or where a person or thing is

lokatibo, kaukulang pampook

lokatibo, kaukulang pampook

Ex: Russian uses the locative after certain prepositions to show location. 

Ang Ruso ay gumagamit ng locative pagkatapos ng ilang mga pang-ukol upang ipakita ang lokasyon.

predicative
predicative
[pang-uri]

(grammar) describing an adjective or noun following a linking verb and completing the meaning of the copula

pandiwang, panuring

pandiwang, panuring

Ex: "She is happy" is an example of a predicative construction. 

« Siya ay masaya » ay isang halimbawa ng predikatibong konstruksyon.

nominative
nominative
[Pangngalan]

a grammatical case used for the subject of a sentence or clause

nominatibo, kaukulang palagyo

nominatibo, kaukulang palagyo

Ex: The nominative in Russian marks the subject of a sentence or clause. 

Ang nominative sa Ruso ay nagmamarka ng paksa ng isang pangungusap o sugnay.

attributive
attributive
[pang-uri]

(grammar)(of a noun or adjective) joined directly to a noun and modifying it, without a linking verb

pantulong, pang-uri

pantulong, pang-uri

Ex: In "the green apple," "green" is an attributive modifying "apple." 

Sa "berdeng mansanas", ang "berde" ay isang panturing na nagbabago sa "mansanas".

indicative
indicative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) the mood of a verb that states a fact

pahayag

pahayag

Ex: The indicative in English is used for straightforward statements and questions. 

Ang indicative sa Ingles ay ginagamit para sa tuwirang mga pahayag at katanungan.

interrogative
interrogative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question

panghalip na pananong, salitang pananong

panghalip na pananong, salitang pananong

Ex: The use of interrogatives invites interaction and engagement in conversation. 

Ang paggamit ng mga interrogative ay nag-aanyaya ng interaksyon at pakikipag-ugnayan sa pag-uusap.

neuter
neuter
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine

neuter, kasariang neuter

neuter, kasariang neuter

Ex: Understanding noun genders, including neuter, is important in language learning. 

Ang pag-unawa sa mga kasarian ng pangngalan, kasama ang neuter, ay mahalaga sa pag-aaral ng wika.

affix
affix
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

panlapi, hulapi/unlapi

panlapi, hulapi/unlapi

Ex: English grammar includes prefixes and suffixes as types of affixes. 

Ang gramatika ng Ingles ay kinabibilangan ng mga prefix at suffix bilang mga uri ng affix.

alliteration
alliteration
[Pangngalan]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliterasyon

aliterasyon

Ex: The poet employed alliteration to create a melodic effect in the verse. 

Ginamit ng makata ang alliteration upang lumikha ng isang melodikong epekto sa taludtod.

irony
irony
[Pangngalan]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironya

ironya

Ex: His irony was so sharp that some people didn’t realize he was mocking them. 

Ang kanyang ironya ay napakatalas na ang ilang tao ay hindi napagtanto na siya ay nanunuya sa kanila.

allusion
allusion
[Pangngalan]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

pahiwatig, tukoy

pahiwatig, tukoy

Ex: Her comment about "meeting her Waterloo" was an allusion to Napoleon's final defeat, implying she faced an insurmountable challenge. 

Ang kanyang komento tungkol sa "pagkikita sa kanyang Waterloo" ay isang pahiwatig sa huling pagkatalo ni Napoleon, na nagpapahiwatig na naharap siya sa isang hindi malulutas na hamon.

satire
satire
[Pangngalan]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satira, uyam

satira, uyam

Ex: Satire in literature often challenges societal norms and conventions. 

Ang satire sa panitikan ay madalas na humahamon sa mga pamantayan at kombensyon ng lipunan.

euphemism
euphemism
[Pangngalan]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

Ex: "Between jobs" is a euphemism for being unemployed. 

"Sa pagitan ng mga trabaho" ay isang eupemismo para sa pagiging walang trabaho.

analogy
analogy
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analohiya, pagkakatulad

analohiya, pagkakatulad

Ex: Many children use analogy to form new words by mimicking the sounds of existing ones. 
coherent
coherent
[pang-uri]

(of a person) able to express thoughts or ideas in a clear and consistent manner

magkakaugnay, malinaw

magkakaugnay, malinaw

Ex: She is a coherent speaker, always presenting her ideas in an organized way. 

Siya ay isang magkakaugnay na tagapagsalita, palaging inihahayag ang kanyang mga ideya sa isang organisadong paraan.

etymology
etymology
[Pangngalan]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etimolohiya

etimolohiya

Ex: Linguists trace the etymology of "vocabulary" back to Latin "vocabulum," meaning word. 

Sinusuri ng mga lingguwista ang etimolohiya ng "talasalitaan" pabalik sa Latin na "vocabulum," na nangangahulugang salita.

inarticulate
inarticulate
[pang-uri]

(of people) unable to express oneself clearly or easily

hindi malinaw, hindi madaling ipahayag

hindi malinaw, hindi madaling ipahayag

Ex: The interviewee appeared nervous and inarticulate, stumbling over his responses. 

Ang interviewee ay mukhang kinakabahan at hindi malinaw, natutuliro sa kanyang mga sagot.

tautology
tautology
[Pangngalan]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautolohiya, kalabisan

tautolohiya, kalabisan

Ex: "ATM machine" is a classic example of a tautology, as the "M" already stands for "machine." 

Ang "ATM machine" ay isang klasikong halimbawa ng tautolohiya, dahil ang "M" ay nangangahulugan na ng "machine" (makinang).

pragmatics
pragmatics
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with the sentences and the contexts in which they are used

pragmatika, ang pragmatika

pragmatika, ang pragmatika

Ex: Pragmatics examines how politeness conventions vary across different cultures. 

Ang pragmatika ay sumusuri kung paano nag-iiba ang mga kombensyon ng pagiging magalang sa iba't ibang kultura.

phonetics
phonetics
[Pangngalan]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

ponetika

ponetika

Ex: Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech, including their production, transmission, and reception. 
phoneme
phoneme
[Pangngalan]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

ponema, yunit ng tunog

ponema, yunit ng tunog

Ex: In linguistics, a phoneme is the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language that can change the meaning of a word. 

Sa lingguwistika, ang ponema ay ang pinakamaliit na natatanging yunit ng tunog sa isang wika na maaaring magbago ng kahulugan ng isang salita.

morpheme
morpheme
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morpema, pinakamaliit na yunit ng kahulugan

morpema, pinakamaliit na yunit ng kahulugan

Ex: In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function in a language. 

Sa lingguwistika, ang morpema ay ang pinakamaliit na yunit ng kahulugan o gramatikal na function sa isang wika.

lexeme
lexeme
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

leksema, pangunahing yunit ng lingguwistika

leksema, pangunahing yunit ng lingguwistika

Ex: A lexeme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, encompassing both a word and all its inflected forms. 

Ang lexeme ay ang pinakamaliit na yunit ng kahulugan sa isang wika, na sumasaklaw sa parehong isang salita at lahat ng mga inflected na anyo nito.

allophone
allophone
[Pangngalan]

a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language

isang allophone,  isang variant na pagbigkas ng isang ponema

isang allophone, isang variant na pagbigkas ng isang ponema

Ex: In phonetics, an allophone is a variant form of a phoneme, which occurs in specific phonetic environments. 

Sa ponetika, ang allophone ay isang variant na anyo ng isang ponema, na nagaganap sa partikular na mga kapaligirang ponetiko.

ellipsis
ellipsis
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) the act of omitting a word or words from a sentence, when the meaning is complete and the omission is understood from the context

ellipsis, pagkakaltas

ellipsis, pagkakaltas

Ex: The author used an ellipsis to suggest a pause or unfinished thought in the dialogue. 

Ginamit ng may-akda ang ellipsis upang magmungkahi ng isang pause o hindi tapos na pag-iisip sa diyalogo.

homonym
homonym
[Pangngalan]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonym, magkasingtunog

homonym, magkasingtunog

Ex: It's essential to consider context when deciphering the meaning of a homonym in a sentence. 

Mahalagang isaalang-alang ang konteksto kapag binibigyang-kahulugan ang kahulugan ng isang homonym sa isang pangungusap.

homophone
homophone
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homopono, salitang homopono

homopono, salitang homopono

Ex: The homophones "piece" and "peace" are frequently confused by new English learners. 

Ang mga homophone na "piece" at "peace" ay madalas na nalilito ng mga bagong mag-aaral ng Ingles.

diphthong
diphthong
[Pangngalan]

(phonetics) a gliding speech sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable

diftong, tunog na pinagsama ng dalawang patinig

diftong, tunog na pinagsama ng dalawang patinig

Ex: In English, the diphthong "oi" is heard in words like "coin" and "join." 

Sa Ingles, ang diphthong na "oi" ay naririnig sa mga salitang tulad ng "coin" at "join".

onomatopoeia
onomatopoeia
[Pangngalan]

a word that mimics the sound it represents

onomatopeya, salitang ginagaya ang tunog na kinakatawan nito

onomatopeya, salitang ginagaya ang tunog na kinakatawan nito

Ex: "Buzz," "hiss," and "moo" are examples of onomatopoeia used to mimic natural sounds. 

Ang "Buzz", "hiss", at "moo" ay mga halimbawa ng onomatopeya na ginagamit para gayahin ang mga natural na tunog.

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