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Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa GRE - Wika at Panitikang Kagamitan

Dito matututo ka ng ilang mga salitang Ingles tungkol sa wika, tulad ng "locative", "neuter", "irony", atbp., na kailangan para sa pagsusulit na GRE.

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Essential Words Needed for the GRE
dialect
[Pangngalan]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

diyalekto, wikain

diyalekto, wikain

Ex: Linguists study dialects to better understand language variation and change , as well as the social and cultural factors that shape linguistic diversity .
syntax
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

sintaks, istruktura ng gramatika

Ex: Syntax analysis helps in identifying how sentence elements like nouns , verbs , and adjectives interact within a given linguistic framework .
declension
[Pangngalan]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

paglalapi, pagbabago ng pangngalan

Ex: The Old English language had a complex system of declension, with different forms for nouns depending on case , number , and gender .Ang lumang wikang Ingles ay may isang kumplikadong sistema ng **declension**, na may iba't ibang anyo para sa mga pangngalan depende sa kaso, numero, at kasarian.
inflection
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

paglalapi, hulapi

paglalapi, hulapi

Ex: Understanding inflection is essential for mastering highly inflected languages like Finnish .Ang pag-unawa sa **paglalapi** ay mahalaga para sa pagmaster ng mga wikang may mataas na paglalapi tulad ng Finnish.
to conjugate
[Pandiwa]

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

i-conjugate

i-conjugate

Ex: The linguistics professor explained how different languages conjugate verbs differently based on their grammatical structures.Ipinaliwanag ng propesor ng lingguwistika kung paano iba-ibang wika ang **nagkakaroon** ng iba't ibang anyo ng pandiwa batay sa kanilang mga istruktura ng gramatika.
inversion
[Pangngalan]

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

paglalapi, pagbabaligtad

paglalapi, pagbabaligtad

Ex: Shakespeare frequently employed inversion, enhancing the poetic nature of his lines .Madalas gamitin ni Shakespeare ang **inversion**, na nagpapahusay sa makataong katangian ng kanyang mga linya.
accusative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a particular form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that acts as the direct object of a verb or preposition, used in some languages such as Greek or Latin

akusatibo, kaukulang akusatibo

akusatibo, kaukulang akusatibo

Ex: Understanding the accusative is key to forming proper sentences in Russian .Ang pag-unawa sa **akusatibo** ay susi sa pagbuo ng tamang pangungusap sa Ruso.
vocative
[Pangngalan]

(in the grammar of some languages) the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used when addressing a particular person or thing

bokatibo, pangngalan sa pagtawag

bokatibo, pangngalan sa pagtawag

Ex: The Latin vocative is used for direct address , such as " Marce " when calling out to Marcus .Ang Latin na **vocative** ay ginagamit para sa direktang pagtawag, tulad ng "Marce" kapag tinatawag si Marcus.
genitive
[pang-uri]

relating to a grammatical case that is used to indicate possession, origin, or a close association

henitibo, may kaugnayan sa kasong henitibo

henitibo, may kaugnayan sa kasong henitibo

Ex: The article analyzed the morphological changes in the genitive case.Sinuri ng artikulo ang mga pagbabagong morpolohikal sa kaso ng **genitibo**.
subjunctive
[Pangngalan]

‌(of verbs) a form or mood that represents possibility, doubt, or wishes

pandiwang pahiwatig

pandiwang pahiwatig

Ex: The subjunctive is often used in Spanish after expressions of doubt , like " Dudo que él venga . "Ang **subjunctive** ay madalas ginagamit sa Espanyol pagkatapos ng mga ekspresyon ng pagdududa, tulad ng "Dudo que él venga."
ablative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that is used to show by what means or by whom an action is done or to indicate the source of the action, found in some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit

ablative, kaukulang ablative

ablative, kaukulang ablative

Ex: In Latin , the ablative is used to show means or instrument , such as in " gladio " meaning " with a sword . "Sa Latin, ang **ablative** ay ginagamit upang ipakita ang paraan o kasangkapan, tulad ng sa "gladio" na nangangahulugang "gamit ang isang tabak".
locative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that shows the place of an action or where a person or thing is

lokatibo, kaukulang pampook

lokatibo, kaukulang pampook

Ex: The locative in Latin can indicate place where, as in "Romae" meaning "in Rome."Ang **lokatibo** sa Latin ay maaaring magpahiwatig ng lugar kung saan, tulad ng "Romae" na nangangahulugang "sa Roma".
predicative
[pang-uri]

(grammar) describing an adjective or noun following a linking verb and completing the meaning of the copula

pandiwang, panuring

pandiwang, panuring

Ex: The role of the predicative noun is to provide additional information about the subject .Ang papel ng pangngalang **predikatibo** ay magbigay ng karagdagang impormasyon tungkol sa paksa.
nominative
[Pangngalan]

a grammatical case used for the subject of a sentence or clause

nominatibo, kaukulang palagyo

nominatibo, kaukulang palagyo

Ex: The teacher explained the importance of identifying the nominative to determine the subject of a sentence .Ipinaliwanag ng guro ang kahalagahan ng pagkilala sa **nominative** upang matukoy ang paksa ng isang pangungusap.
attributive
[pang-uri]

(grammar)(of a noun or adjective) joined directly to a noun and modifying it, without a linking verb

pantulong, pang-uri

pantulong, pang-uri

Ex: The poet's use of attributives enhanced the imagery in her poetry.Ang paggamit ng **attributive** ng makata ay nagpatingkad sa imahe sa kanyang tula.
indicative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) the mood of a verb that states a fact

pahayag

pahayag

Ex: Teachers emphasize the importance of mastering the indicative for fluency in speaking and writing.Binibigyang-diin ng mga guro ang kahalagahan ng pag-master sa **indicative** para sa kasanayan sa pagsasalita at pagsulat.
interrogative
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question

panghalip na pananong, salitang pananong

panghalip na pananong, salitang pananong

Ex: Mastering interrogatives enhances language fluency and comprehension .Ang pagmaster sa mga **interrogative** ay nagpapahusay sa kasanayan at pag-unawa sa wika.
neuter
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine

neuter, kasariang neuter

neuter, kasariang neuter

Ex: English does not have neuter, unlike German or Spanish .Ang Ingles ay walang **neuter**, hindi tulad ng Aleman o Espanyol.
affix
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

panlapi, hulapi/unlapi

panlapi, hulapi/unlapi

Ex: In linguistics , affixes play a crucial role in word formation and derivation .Sa lingguwistika, ang **mga affix** ay may mahalagang papel sa pagbuo at pagbabago ng mga salita.
alliteration
[Pangngalan]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

aliterasyon

aliterasyon

Ex: The advertising slogan 's alliteration made it memorable and catchy .Ang **aliterasyon** ng advertising slogan ay naging memorable at catchy.
irony
[Pangngalan]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

ironya

ironya

Ex: Through irony, she pointed out the flaws in their logic without directly insulting them .Sa pamamagitan ng **ironya**, itinuro niya ang mga pagkakamali sa kanilang lohika nang hindi direktang ininsulto sila.
allusion
[Pangngalan]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

pahiwatig, tukoy

pahiwatig, tukoy

Ex: The poet 's allusion to Icarus served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overambition and hubris .Ang **pahiwatig** ng makata kay Icarus ay nagsilbing babala tungkol sa mga panganib ng labis na ambisyon at kayabangan.
satire
[Pangngalan]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

satira, uyam

satira, uyam

Ex: Satire can be a powerful tool for social commentary and change.Ang **satire** ay maaaring maging isang malakas na kasangkapan para sa komentaryong panlipunan at pagbabago.
euphemism
[Pangngalan]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

eupemismo, malambing na pananalita

Ex: In polite conversation , people might use the euphemism ' restroom ' or ' bathroom ' instead of ' toilet ' to refer to a place where one can relieve themselves .Sa magalang na pag-uusap, maaaring gamitin ng mga tao ang **euphemism** 'banyo' o 'palikuran' sa halip na 'toilet' upang tumukoy sa isang lugar kung saan maaaring magpahinga ang isang tao.
analogy
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

analohiya, pagkakatulad

analohiya, pagkakatulad

Ex: The study of analogy shows how language adapts to the needs of its speakers .Ang pag-aaral ng **analohiya** ay nagpapakita kung paano umaangkop ang wika sa mga pangangailangan ng mga nagsasalita nito.
coherent
[pang-uri]

(of a person) able to express thoughts or ideas in a clear and consistent manner

magkakaugnay, malinaw

magkakaugnay, malinaw

Ex: As a leader , he is coherent in his decision-making , ensuring everyone understands his reasoning .Bilang isang lider, siya ay **magkakaugnay** sa kanyang paggawa ng desisyon, tinitiyak na naiintindihan ng lahat ang kanyang pangangatwiran.
etymology
[Pangngalan]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

etimolohiya

etimolohiya

Ex: The etymology of " amplify " reveals its roots in Latin " amplus , " meaning large or spacious .Ang **etimolohiya** ng "amplify" ay nagpapakita ng mga ugat nito sa Latin na "amplus," na nangangahulugang malaki o maluwang.
inarticulate
[pang-uri]

(of people) unable to express oneself clearly or easily

hindi malinaw, hindi madaling ipahayag

hindi malinaw, hindi madaling ipahayag

Ex: She became inarticulate with emotion when accepting the award , struggling to find the right words .Naging **hindi malinaw** siya sa damdamin nang tanggapin ang parangal, nahihirapang hanapin ang tamang mga salita.
tautology
[Pangngalan]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

tautolohiya, kalabisan

tautolohiya, kalabisan

Ex: Writers and speakers are often advised to avoid tautology to ensure their communication is clear and concise without unnecessary repetition .Ang mga manunulat at tagapagsalita ay madalas na pinapayuhan na iwasan ang **tautolohiya** upang matiyak na malinaw at maigsi ang kanilang komunikasyon nang walang hindi kinakailangang pag-uulit.
pragmatics
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with the sentences and the contexts in which they are used

pragmatika, ang pragmatika

pragmatika, ang pragmatika

Ex: The study of pragmatics reveals how gestures and facial expressions complement verbal communication .Ang pag-aaral ng **pragmatika** ay nagpapakita kung paano kinukumpleto ng mga kilos at ekspresyon ng mukha ang verbal na komunikasyon.
phonetics
[Pangngalan]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

ponetika

ponetika

Ex: Phonetics plays a crucial role in language learning and teaching , helping learners to accurately pronounce and recognize the sounds of a foreign language .Ang **ponetika** ay may mahalagang papel sa pag-aaral at pagtuturo ng wika, na tumutulong sa mga mag-aaral na tumpak na bigkasin at kilalanin ang mga tunog ng isang banyagang wika.
phoneme
[Pangngalan]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

ponema, yunit ng tunog

ponema, yunit ng tunog

Ex: The study of phonemes and their distribution helps linguists analyze speech sounds and patterns across languages .Ang pag-aaral ng **ponema** at kanilang distribusyon ay tumutulong sa mga lingguwista na suriin ang mga tunog at pattern ng pagsasalita sa iba't ibang wika.
morpheme
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

morpema, pinakamaliit na yunit ng kahulugan

morpema, pinakamaliit na yunit ng kahulugan

Ex: The study of morphemes, known as morphology , examines how these units combine to create complex words .Ang pag-aaral ng **morpema**, na kilala bilang morpolohiya, ay sinusuri kung paano pinagsasama-sama ang mga yunit na ito upang lumikha ng mga kumplikadong salita.
lexeme
[Pangngalan]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

leksema, pangunahing yunit ng lingguwistika

leksema, pangunahing yunit ng lingguwistika

Ex: Analyzing lexemes helps in identifying patterns of word formation and usage across different linguistic contexts .Ang pagsusuri sa mga **lexeme** ay tumutulong sa pagkilala sa mga pattern ng pagbuo at paggamit ng salita sa iba't ibang konteksto ng wika.
allophone
[Pangngalan]

a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language

isang allophone,  isang variant na pagbigkas ng isang ponema

isang allophone, isang variant na pagbigkas ng isang ponema

Ex: The variation of the "r" sound in different dialects of English is an example of allophonic variation.Ang pagkakaiba-iba ng tunog na "r" sa iba't ibang diyalekto ng Ingles ay isang halimbawa ng **allophonic** na pagkakaiba-iba.
ellipsis
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) the act of omitting a word or words from a sentence, when the meaning is complete and the omission is understood from the context

ellipsis, pagkakaltas

ellipsis, pagkakaltas

Ex: The reporter used ellipses to omit irrelevant details from the interview transcript .Ginamit ng reporter ang **ellipsis** para alisin ang hindi kaugnay na mga detalye mula sa transcript ng interbyu.
homonym
[Pangngalan]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

homonym, magkasingtunog

homonym, magkasingtunog

Ex: " Match " is a homonym— it can mean a competition or a stick used to start a fire .Ang **homonym** ay isang salita na maaaring mangahulugang isang kompetisyon o isang patpat na ginagamit upang magsimula ng apoy.
homophone
[Pangngalan]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

homopono, salitang homopono

homopono, salitang homopono

Ex: English learners often find homophones tricky because they sound the same but are spelled differently .Madalas na mahirapan ang mga nag-aaral ng Ingles sa **homophones** dahil pareho ang tunog ngunit iba ang spelling.
diphthong
[Pangngalan]

(phonetics) a gliding speech sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable

diftong, tunog na pinagsama ng dalawang patinig

diftong, tunog na pinagsama ng dalawang patinig

Ex: Linguists study the distribution and evolution of diphthongs across different languages .Pinag-aaralan ng mga lingguwista ang distribusyon at ebolusyon ng **diftong** sa iba't ibang wika.
onomatopoeia
[Pangngalan]

a word that mimics the sound it represents

onomatopeya, salitang ginagaya ang tunog na kinakatawan nito

onomatopeya, salitang ginagaya ang tunog na kinakatawan nito

Ex: The use of onomatopoeia adds vividness and immediacy to descriptive writing .Ang paggamit ng **onomatopoeia** ay nagdaragdag ng kasiglahan at agarang epekto sa deskriptibong pagsusulat.
Mahalagang Bokabularyo para sa GRE
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