GRE必备词汇 - 语言与文学手法

在这里，你将学习一些关于语言的英语单词，如“locative”、“neuter”、“irony”等，这些都是GRE考试所需要的。

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dialect

[名词]

the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar

方言, 土话

Ex: Linguists study dialects to better understand language variation and change , as well as the social and cultural factors that shape linguistic diversity .

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syntax

[名词]

(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language

句法, 语法结构

Ex: Syntax analysis helps in identifying how sentence elements like nouns , verbs , and adjectives interact within a given linguistic framework .

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declension

[名词]

(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender

变格, 名词变格

Ex: The Old English language had a complex system of declension, with different forms for nouns depending on case , number , and gender .古英语有一种复杂的**变格**系统，名词的形式会根据格、数和性别而变化。

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inflection

[名词]

(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function

屈折, 词尾

Ex: Understanding inflection is essential for mastering highly inflected languages like Finnish .理解**屈折**对于掌握像芬兰语这样的高度屈折语言至关重要。

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to conjugate

[动词]

(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.

变位

Ex: The linguistics professor explained how different languages conjugate verbs differently based on their grammatical structures.语言学教授解释了不同语言如何根据其语法结构以不同方式**变位**动词。

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inversion

[名词]

a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject

倒装, 倒置

Ex: Shakespeare frequently employed inversion, enhancing the poetic nature of his lines .莎士比亚经常使用**倒装**，增强了他诗句的诗意。

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accusative

[名词]

(grammar) a particular form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that acts as the direct object of a verb or preposition, used in some languages such as Greek or Latin

宾格, 受格

Ex: Understanding the accusative is key to forming proper sentences in Russian .理解**宾格**是形成正确俄语句子的关键。

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vocative

[名词]

(in the grammar of some languages) the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used when addressing a particular person or thing

呼格, 称呼格

Ex: The Latin vocative is used for direct address , such as " Marce " when calling out to Marcus .拉丁语**呼格**用于直接称呼，例如在呼唤马库斯时使用“Marce”。

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genitive

[形容词]

relating to a grammatical case that is used to indicate possession, origin, or a close association

属格, 与属格有关的

Ex: The article analyzed the morphological changes in the genitive case.文章分析了**属格**中的形态变化。

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subjunctive

[名词]

‌(of verbs) a form or mood that represents possibility, doubt, or wishes

虚拟语气

Ex: The subjunctive is often used in Spanish after expressions of doubt , like " Dudo que él venga . "**虚拟语气**在西班牙语中常用于表示怀疑的表达之后，如"Dudo que él venga."

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ablative

[名词]

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that is used to show by what means or by whom an action is done or to indicate the source of the action, found in some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit

夺格, 离格

Ex: In Latin , the ablative is used to show means or instrument , such as in " gladio " meaning " with a sword . "在拉丁语中，**夺格**用于表示手段或工具，例如“gladio”意思是“用剑”。

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locative

[名词]

(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that shows the place of an action or where a person or thing is

方位格, 位置格

Ex: The locative in Latin can indicate place where, as in "Romae" meaning "in Rome."拉丁语中的**方位格**可以表示地点，如"Romae"意为"在罗马"。

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predicative

[形容词]

(grammar) describing an adjective or noun following a linking verb and completing the meaning of the copula

表语的, 属性的

Ex: The role of the predicative noun is to provide additional information about the subject .**表语**名词的作用是提供有关主语的附加信息。

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nominative

[名词]

a grammatical case used for the subject of a sentence or clause

主格, 主格形式

Ex: The teacher explained the importance of identifying the nominative to determine the subject of a sentence .老师解释了识别**主格**以确定句子主语的重要性。

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attributive

[形容词]

(grammar)(of a noun or adjective) joined directly to a noun and modifying it, without a linking verb

定语的, 修饰性的

Ex: The poet's use of attributives enhanced the imagery in her poetry.诗人使用**定语**增强了她的诗歌意象。

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indicative

[名词]

(grammar) the mood of a verb that states a fact

陈述语气

Ex: Teachers emphasize the importance of mastering the indicative for fluency in speaking and writing.老师强调掌握**直陈式**对说和写的流利度的重要性。

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interrogative

[名词]

(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question

疑问词, 疑问语

Ex: Mastering interrogatives enhances language fluency and comprehension .掌握**疑问词**可以提高语言的流利度和理解力。

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neuter

[名词]

(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine

中性, 中性词

Ex: English does not have neuter, unlike German or Spanish .英语没有**中性**，不像德语或西班牙语。

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affix

[名词]

(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning

词缀, 后缀/前缀

Ex: In linguistics , affixes play a crucial role in word formation and derivation .在语言学中，**词缀**在词的形成和派生中起着至关重要的作用。

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alliteration

[名词]

the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device

头韵

Ex: The advertising slogan 's alliteration made it memorable and catchy .广告口号的**头韵**使其令人难忘且朗朗上口。

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irony

[名词]

a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect

讽刺

Ex: Through irony, she pointed out the flaws in their logic without directly insulting them .通过**讽刺**，她指出了他们逻辑中的缺陷，而没有直接侮辱他们。

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allusion

[名词]

a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device

暗示, 提及

Ex: The poet 's allusion to Icarus served as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overambition and hubris .诗人对伊卡洛斯的**暗示**是对过度野心和傲慢危险的一个警示故事。

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satire

[名词]

humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.

讽刺, 讥讽

Ex: Satire can be a powerful tool for social commentary and change.**讽刺**可以成为社会评论和变革的有力工具。

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euphemism

[名词]

a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite

委婉语, 婉转的表达

Ex: In polite conversation , people might use the euphemism ' restroom ' or ' bathroom ' instead of ' toilet ' to refer to a place where one can relieve themselves .在礼貌的谈话中，人们可能会用委婉语'洗手间'或'浴室'来代替'厕所'，指的是一个人可以解脱自己的地方。

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analogy

[名词]

(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations

类比, 相似

Ex: The study of analogy shows how language adapts to the needs of its speakers .**类比**的研究显示了语言如何适应其使用者的需求。

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coherent

[形容词]

(of a person) able to express thoughts or ideas in a clear and consistent manner

连贯的, 条理清晰的

Ex: As a leader , he is coherent in his decision-making , ensuring everyone understands his reasoning .作为领导者，他在决策时**连贯一致**，确保每个人都理解他的推理。

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etymology

[名词]

the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings

词源学

Ex: The etymology of " amplify " reveals its roots in Latin " amplus , " meaning large or spacious .“amplify”的**词源**揭示了它源于拉丁语“amplus”，意为大或宽敞。

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inarticulate

[形容词]

(of people) unable to express oneself clearly or easily

口齿不清的, 不善表达的

Ex: She became inarticulate with emotion when accepting the award , struggling to find the right words .她在领奖时因情绪激动而变得**语无伦次**，努力寻找合适的词语。

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tautology

[名词]

the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase

同义反复, 冗余

Ex: Writers and speakers are often advised to avoid tautology to ensure their communication is clear and concise without unnecessary repetition .作家和演讲者经常被建议避免**同义反复**，以确保他们的沟通清晰简洁，没有不必要的重复。

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pragmatics

[名词]

(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with the sentences and the contexts in which they are used

语用学, 语用学（语言学的一个分支）

Ex: The study of pragmatics reveals how gestures and facial expressions complement verbal communication .**语用学**的研究揭示了手势和面部表情如何补充言语交流。

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phonetics

[名词]

the science and study of speech sounds and their production

语音学

Ex: Phonetics plays a crucial role in language learning and teaching , helping learners to accurately pronounce and recognize the sounds of a foreign language .**语音学**在语言学习和教学中起着至关重要的作用，帮助学习者准确地发音和识别外语的声音。

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phoneme

[名词]

the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation

音位, 音素

Ex: The study of phonemes and their distribution helps linguists analyze speech sounds and patterns across languages .对**音素**及其分布的研究有助于语言学家分析不同语言中的语音和模式。

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morpheme

[名词]

(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided

语素, 最小的意义单位

Ex: The study of morphemes, known as morphology , examines how these units combine to create complex words .对**语素**的研究，称为形态学，研究这些单位如何组合以创建复杂的单词。

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lexeme

[名词]

(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection

词位, 基本语言单位

Ex: Analyzing lexemes helps in identifying patterns of word formation and usage across different linguistic contexts .分析**词位**有助于识别不同语言背景下词汇形成和使用的模式。

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allophone

[名词]

a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language

音位变体，音位的变体发音，可能由于语言内特定语境或环境中的语音差异而产生, 音位变体，出现在特定语音环境中的音位变体形式

Ex: The variation of the "r" sound in different dialects of English is an example of allophonic variation.英语不同方言中“r”音的变化是**音位变体**变化的一个例子。

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ellipsis

[名词]

(grammar) the act of omitting a word or words from a sentence, when the meaning is complete and the omission is understood from the context

省略, 省略号

Ex: The reporter used ellipses to omit irrelevant details from the interview transcript .记者使用**省略号**从采访记录中省略了不相关的细节。

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homonym

[名词]

each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin

同形异义词, 同音异义词

Ex: " Match " is a homonym— it can mean a competition or a stick used to start a fire .**同音异义词**是一个可以指比赛或用于生火的棍子的词。

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homophone

[名词]

(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin

同音异义词, 同音词

Ex: English learners often find homophones tricky because they sound the same but are spelled differently .英语学习者常常觉得**同音异义词**很棘手，因为它们发音相同但拼写不同。

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diphthong

[名词]

(phonetics) a gliding speech sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable

双元音, 复合元音

Ex: Linguists study the distribution and evolution of diphthongs across different languages .语言学家研究**双元音**在不同语言中的分布和演变。

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onomatopoeia

[名词]

a word that mimics the sound it represents

拟声词, 模仿它所代表的声音的词

Ex: The use of onomatopoeia adds vividness and immediacy to descriptive writing .使用**拟声词**为描述性写作增添了生动性和即时性。

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GRE必备词汇

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GRE必备词汇 - 语言与文学手法