Cambridge IELTS 17 - Akademicki - Test 2 - Czytanie - Fragment 1

a roll of parchment, paper, or other material containing writing or images, often used for historical or religious texts

to care for the needs of someone or something with attention and responsibility

an area where a group of families or people live together, often in a newly established community

a person who protects a large group of sheep as a job

to throw something with a quick and sudden motion

seemingly loud enough to break something; violently rattling or clattering

a person or animal with which one travels or spends a lot of time

to find something or someone unexpectedly

to have or hold something within or include something as a part of a larger entity or space

an object or artifact from an ancient period, often of historical or cultural value

a piece of information or news

the act or result of discovering something, especially something valuable, rare, or previously unknown

a person whose job is to study ancient societies using facts, objects, buildings, etc. remaining in excavation sites

to dig the ground and discover something

a small piece or part that has broken off from a larger whole, often referring to objects or materials

a written document, book, or musical composition created by hand rather than being produced using a typewriter or printing press

a secular designation used to represent dates in the Gregorian calendar before the traditional reference point of the birth of Jesus Christ

used with a date to refer to things happened or existed after the birth of Christ

related to or involving serious academic study

a discussion about a particular issue between two opposing sides, mainly held publicly

existing or occurring commonly

to reside in a specific place

armed forces or soldiers, especially by large numbers

believing firmly in a particular religion

a religious group with beliefs or practices, especially extreme or unusual ones, that separate them from the rest of the people with the religion

a person or animal that resides in a particular place

the act of surrounding the enemy, a town, etc. and cutting off their supplies so that they would surrender

to have something as a prominent or distinctive aspect or characteristic

to determine or figure out when something happened or was created

related to or derived from the Bible

a computer file, book, piece of paper etc. that is used as evidence or a source of information

a rule made by the government, an authority, etc. to control or govern something within a particular area

not on a regular basis

a person or thing that does not follow a general rule or is excluded from a class or group

a unified whole created by joining or mixing two or more distinct elements or parts together

to carve or shape a material, typically wood or stone, by using a sharp-edged tool with a flat metal blade

to formulate a hypothesis to explain something, often as a starting point for further investigation or study

to resist or endure the force, pressure, or challenges imposed upon oneself

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

arousing interest and curiosity due to being strange or mysterious

accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

a secret store of valuables or money

not following established customs or norms

used to suggest that something is assumed to be true, often with a hint of doubt

an abundance of material possessions and resources

a collection of valuable objects which is usually kept a secret

to plunder, typically during times of war or civil unrest

an explanation based on limited facts and evidence that is not yet proved to be true

(Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation

related to the beliefs, practices, or traditions that are in accordance with the teachings and customs of the Eastern Orthodox Church

a bishop of the highest rank who is responsible for all the churches in a specific large area

to buy or begin to have something

composed of diverse, various, or unrelated items or elements

to have origins or existence that extends to a specific earlier time

a large organization that serves a religious, educational, social, or similar function

a skilled and experienced political leader who demonstrates good judgment and leadership in their decisions and actions

to repair a work of art, building, etc. so that it is in a good condition again

to translate a coded or secret message into a readable form

assemble once again, after taking something apart

a penetrating and profound understanding that goes beyond surface-level observations or knowledge

to show, point out, or suggest the existence, presence, or nature of something

a significant change in the nature or quality of something

any object that can be used to store something in, such as a bottle, box, etc.

a member of the university faculty engaged in teaching or research

an organization or institution created for a particular function

having a strong enthusiasm, desire, or excitement for something or someone

to create something by joining separate parts or elements

happening, done, or made once every year

an official or special ceremony or event

the responsibility of a guardian or keeper

a person who buys and sells things, usually to make money from the difference in price

no longer done, followed, or needed by people, often because something is old, broken, or replaced by something better

relating to a particular group within a religion, especially when that group is separate from or different than others