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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL - I Think, Therefore I Am!
Here you will learn some English words about thinking, such as "ethics", "nihilism", "being", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.
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humanism
[noun]
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
metaphysics
[noun]
a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
ontology
[noun]
the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
determinism
[noun]
the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
hedonism
[noun]
a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure
idealism
[noun]
(philosophy) the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
existentialism
[noun]
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
materialism
[noun]
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
nihilism
[noun]
a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.
positivism
[noun]
a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
pragmatism
[noun]
a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
rationalism
[noun]
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
scholasticism
[noun]
a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
stoicism
[noun]
an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
subjectivism
[noun]
a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
utilitarianism
[noun]
the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
phenomenology
[noun]
the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
alienation
[noun]
the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
a priori
[adjective]
using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
a posteriori
[adjective]
using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
dogma
[noun]
a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
logic
[noun]
sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
wisdom
[noun]
the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
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