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Advanced Vocabulary for TOEFL - I Think, Therefore I Am!

Here you will learn some English words about thinking, such as "ethics", "nihilism", "being", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
ethics

the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles

[noun]
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Definition & Meaning of \"ethics\"
epistemology

the branch of philosophy in which knowledge is studied

[noun]
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humanism

a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs

[noun]
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metaphysics

a branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality

[noun]
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ontology

the branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality

[noun]
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determinism

the theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds

[noun]
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hedonism

a system of belief that the highest of good is when one is in the pursuit of pleasure

[noun]
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idealism

(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind

[noun]
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empiricism

a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience

[noun]
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existentialism

a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions

[noun]
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materialism

the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter

[noun]
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nihilism

a system of thought that considers life as meaningless and rejects religious beliefs, moral principles, legal rules, etc.

[noun]
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positivism

a philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism

[noun]
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pragmatism

a philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions

[noun]
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rationalism

the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion

[noun]
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scholasticism

a system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities

[noun]
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skepticism

the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable

[noun]
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stoicism

an ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason

[noun]
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subjectivism

a notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth

[noun]
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utilitarianism

the doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people

[noun]
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phenomenology

the branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence

[noun]
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alienation

‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group

[noun]
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a priori

using the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something

[Adjective]
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a posteriori

using observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something

[Adjective]
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being

the state of existing

[noun]
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nothingness

non-existence; a state in which nothing exists

[noun]
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consciousness

the state of being sensible and aware

[noun]
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dogma

a belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance

[noun]
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logic

sensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment

[noun]
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virtue

attitudes or manners exhibiting high moral standards

[noun]
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aesthetics

the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art

[noun]
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wisdom

the quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments

[noun]
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sophist

a teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

[noun]
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