IELTS Academic کے لیے الفاظ (اسکور 8-9) - Chemistry

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

a thermodynamic quantity representing the total heat content of a system, commonly denoted as H

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

any substance with a pH of more than seven that neutralizes acids creating salt and water