a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution
溶质, 溶解物质
当糖（蔗糖）加入咖啡时，糖作为溶质溶解在咖啡（溶剂）中。
a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products
反应物
氢（H₂）和氧（O₂）反应生成水（H₂O）的反应物是氢气和氧气。
(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself
催化剂, 活化剂
铂纳米颗粒作为反应的催化剂，显著降低了所需的活化能。
the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
催化, 催化加速
淀粉酶的催化作用在消化过程中加速淀粉水解为更简单的糖。
a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule
共价键, 电子共享键
原子在共价键中共享电子以形成分子。
any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties
异构体, 异构化合物
结构异构体丁烷和异丁烷都具有分子式C₄H₁₀，但表现出不同的结构排列。
a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure
聚合物, 大分子
尼龙，一种合成聚合物，广泛用于纺织品、地毯和其他材料的生产。
a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer
单体, 单体分子
氨基酸是通过聚合过程连接在一起形成蛋白质的单体。
a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes
碳氢化合物, 氢和碳的化合物
乙烯（C₂H₄）是一种具有双键的不饱和烃，被归类为烯烃。
a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water
酯, 化学酯
邻苯二甲酸二乙酯是一种酯，常用作塑料制造中的增塑剂。
an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes
醛, 羰基化合物
乙二醛是一种用于纺织工业中织物交联的小醛。
a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis
酒精, 乙醇
甲醇，也称为木醇，用于各种工业过程和作为燃料。
an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings
酮, 羰基化合物
二甲基二酮是一种常用于有机合成的环状酮。
a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances
氧化还原, 氧化还原反应
细胞呼吸是一个涉及葡萄糖氧化还原以ATP形式产生能量的生物过程。
the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)
摩尔浓度, 摩尔浓度
盐酸溶液的摩尔浓度可以表示为2 M，表示每升2摩尔的HCl。
a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current
电解质, 电解物质
氢氧化钠（NaOH）是一种强电解质，溶解时形成钠离子（Na⁺）和氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。
a thermodynamic quantity representing the total heat content of a system, commonly denoted as H
焓, 热含量
燃烧的焓是物质与氧气完全燃烧时释放的热量。
a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S
熵, 热力学无序
容器中的气体分子比处于更有序液态的相同分子具有更高的熵。
a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles
胶体, 胶态分散体
打发的奶油是一种胶体，其中气泡分散在液态脂肪中。
