IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Chemistry

在这里，你将学习一些与化学相关的英语单词，这些单词是学术雅思考试所必需的。

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solute

[名词]

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

溶质, 溶解物质

Ex: Dissolving a pain reliever ( e.g. , aspirin ) in water results in the drug acting as the solute in the liquid solvent .将止痛药（例如阿司匹林）溶解在水中会使药物作为液体溶剂中的**溶质**起作用。

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reactant

[名词]

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

反应物

Ex: When iron reacts with sulfur , the reactants are iron and sulfur .当铁与硫反应时，**反应物**是铁和硫。

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catalyst

[名词]

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

催化剂, 活化剂

Ex: In the Haber process , iron is used as a catalyst to promote the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases .在哈伯法中，铁被用作**催化剂**以促进从氮气和氢气合成氨。

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catalysis

[名词]

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

催化, 催化加速

Ex: Zeolites act as catalysts in refining processes , promoting the catalysis of hydrocarbons into valuable products .沸石在精炼过程中充当催化剂，促进碳氢化合物的**催化**转化为有价值的产品。

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covalent bond

[名词]

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

共价键, 电子共享键

Ex: The air 's like a molecular community , held together by covalent bonds, forming a breathable atmosphere .空气就像一个分子社区，通过**共价键**结合在一起，形成可呼吸的大气。

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isomer

[名词]

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

异构体, 异构化合物

Ex: The amino acid isoleucine and the sugar maltose are examples of isomers with identical molecular formulas but differing chemical structures .氨基酸异亮氨酸和糖麦芽糖是具有相同分子式但化学结构不同的**异构体**的例子。

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polymer

[名词]

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

聚合物, 大分子

Ex: Polyester is a versatile synthetic polymer used in fabrics , clothing , and plastic bottles .聚酯是一种多用途的合成**聚合物**，用于织物、服装和塑料瓶。

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monomer

[名词]

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

单体, 单体分子

Ex: Styrene is a monomer used in the production of polystyrene , a common plastic and insulation material .**单体**是用于生产聚苯乙烯的一种单体，聚苯乙烯是一种常见的塑料和绝缘材料。

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hydrocarbon

[名词]

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

碳氢化合物, 氢和碳的化合物

Ex: Benzene (C₆H₆) is an aromatic hydrocarbon, exhibiting a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds.苯（C₆H₆）是一种芳香**烃**，呈现出具有交替单键和双键的环状结构。

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ester

[名词]

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

酯, 化学酯

Ex: Ethyl propionate is an ester with a fruity odor and is used as a flavoring agent in the food industry .丙酸乙酯是一种具有果香的**酯**，用作食品工业中的调味剂。

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aldehyde

[名词]

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

醛, 羰基化合物

Ex: Formaldehyde is a simple aldehyde used in various industrial applications , including the production of resins .甲醛是一种简单的**醛**，用于各种工业应用，包括树脂的生产。

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alcohol

[名词]

a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis

酒精, 乙醇

Ex: Benzyl alcohol is used in the production of fragrances , flavorings , and as a solvent in various applications .

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ketone

[名词]

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

酮, 羰基化合物

Ex: Camphor is a ketone found in various plant sources and used in medicinal and flavoring applications .樟脑是一种存在于各种植物源中的**酮**，用于医药和调味应用。

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oxidation-reduction

[名词]

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

氧化还原, 氧化还原反应

Ex: Photosynthesis is a biological process that involves the oxidation-reduction of water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen .光合作用是一个涉及水和二氧化碳的**氧化还原**以产生葡萄糖和氧气的生物过程。

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molarity

[名词]

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

摩尔浓度, 摩尔浓度

Ex: Hydrogen peroxide with a molarity of 6 M means there are 6 moles of H₂O₂ per liter .6 M**摩尔浓度**的过氧化氢意味着每升有6摩尔的H₂O₂。

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electrolyte

[名词]

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

电解质, 电解物质

Ex: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is a weak electrolyte, producing acetate ions (CH₃COO⁻) and hydrogen ions (H⁺) in solution.乙酸（CH₃COOH）是一种弱**电解质**，在溶液中产生乙酸根离子（CH₃COO⁻）和氢离子（H⁺）。

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enthalpy

[名词]

a thermodynamic quantity representing the total heat content of a system, commonly denoted as H

焓, 热含量

Ex: Enthalpy plays a role in the analysis of reaction spontaneity , where negative ΔH values often indicate spontaneous processes .**焓**在反应自发性的分析中起着作用，负的ΔH值通常表示自发过程。

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entropy

[名词]

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

熵, 热力学无序

Ex: Dissolving a solute in a solvent generally increases the entropy of the system .将溶质溶解在溶剂中通常会增加系统的**熵**。

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colloid

[名词]

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

胶体, 胶态分散体

Ex: Blood plasma is a colloid with proteins and other substances dispersed in water .血浆是一种**胶体**，其中蛋白质和其他物质分散在水中。

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corrosion

[名词]

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

腐蚀

Ex: Exposure to moisture accelerates metal corrosion.暴露在湿气中会加速金属的**腐蚀**。

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alkali

[名词]

any substance with a pH of more than seven that neutralizes acids creating salt and water

碱, 碱性物质

Ex: Alkalis are often used in the production of soaps, detergents, and other cleaning agents due to their ability to dissolve fats and oils.**碱**因其能够溶解脂肪和油而常用于肥皂、洗涤剂和其他清洁剂的生产。

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9)

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IELTS学术词汇 (分数8-9) - Chemistry