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SAT Natural Sciences - Medical Sciences

Here you will learn some English words related to the medical sciences, such as "embryo", "preventative", "autopsy", etc. that you will need to ace your SATs.

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SAT Vocabulary for Natural Sciences
pharmacologist

a scientist specializing in the study of drugs, their effects on biological systems, and their development for therapeutic purposes

Ex: The pharmacologist conducted experiments to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new drug candidate. 
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radiologist

a medical specialist who specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries using radioactive substances and X-rays

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pathologist

a medical professional who specializes in studying and diagnosing diseases by examining tissues, cells, and bodily fluids

Ex: The pathologist plays a key role in understanding the causes and nature of diseases. 
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pediatrician

a doctor who specializes in the treatment of children

Ex: She took her baby to the pediatrician for routine check-ups and vaccinations. 
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psychologist

a professional who studies behavior and mental processes to understand and treat psychological disorders and improve overall mental health

Ex: The psychologist counseled patients struggling with anxiety and depression. 
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veterinarian

a doctor who is trained to treat animals

Ex: She's been working as a veterinarian at a local animal clinic for over twenty years. 
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dysfunction

the impaired or abnormal functioning of an organ, system, or biological process, often resulting in diminished efficiency or health consequences

Ex: Chronic stress can lead to dysfunction of the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. 
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to diagnose

to find out the cause of a problem or disease that a person has by examining the symptoms

Ex: Doctors use various tests to diagnose medical conditions accurately. 
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to administer

to give someone medicine, drugs, etc.

Ex: The nurse carefully administered the medication to the patient, ensuring the correct dosage was given. 
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therapeutic
therapeutic
[Adjective]

(of medicine) related to actions that heal, alleviate, or prevent health issues

Ex: Therapeutic treatments focus on healing and recovery. 
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restorative

treatments or therapies aimed at restoring health, function, or vitality to a person or part of the body

Ex: Physical therapists often prescribe restorative exercises to strengthen muscles and improve mobility after injury. 
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invasive
invasive
[Adjective]

(of medical procedures) comprising cutting into the body or body cavities

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preventative
preventative
[Adjective]

designed to stop something harmful from happening, especially related to health or diseases

Ex: The doctor recommended a preventative vaccine to avoid the flu this season. 
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inoculation

the process of boosting the immunity system of a person or animal against a disease by vaccination

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side effect

a secondary effect of any drug or medicine, usually an undesirable one

Ex: While the new medication effectively managed her symptoms, she was concerned about the potential side effects, including nausea and fatigue. 
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immunodeficiency

a condition where the immune system is weakened, making the person more vulnerable to infections and illnesses

Ex: Immunodeficiency disorders can be inherited or acquired, affecting the body's ability to fight infections. 
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immune response

the body's defensive reaction to foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, involving the activation of immune cells and the production of antibodies

Ex: The vaccine works by stimulating the immune response to build resistance against the virus. 
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phagotherapy

a medical treatment that uses bacteriophages, or viruses that specifically target and kill bacteria, to combat bacterial infections

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placebo
placebo
[noun]

a medicine without any physiological effect that is given to a control group in an experiment to measure the effectiveness of a new drug or to patients who think they need medicine when in reality they do not

Ex: In the clinical trial, half of the participants received the experimental drug while the other half received a placebo. 
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infective
infective
[Adjective]

related to an infection or having the ability to cause an infection

Ex: The infective bacteria spread quickly through the contaminated water supply. 
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pathogen
pathogen
[noun]

any organism that can cause diseases

Ex: The laboratory tests confirmed the presence of a bacterial pathogen responsible for the patient's severe food poisoning. 
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homeostasis

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

Ex: Sweating to cool down the body temperature is an example of homeostasis in response to external heat. 
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psychiatric
psychiatric
[Adjective]

relating to the study and treatment of mental illness

Ex: She sought psychiatric help to manage her anxiety disorder. 
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prenatal
prenatal
[Adjective]

related to the period occurring or existing before birth, specifically in relation to the development and care of the fetus during pregnancy

Ex: Prenatal vitamins are recommended for expectant mothers to support fetal development 
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embryo
embryo
[noun]

an unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization

Ex: During the first trimester, the human embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation to form essential organs. 
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developmental
developmental
[Adjective]

related to the process of growth, progress, or improvement over time

Ex: The developmental stage of the project focuses on research and planning. 
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lymphoid
lymphoid
[Adjective]

related to or resembling lymph or the tissues where lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced

Ex: The lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, play a crucial role in the immune system. 
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lesion
lesion
[noun]

an injury or wound to living tissue, often involving a cut, break, or trauma to the skin

Ex: The patient had a small lesion on his forearm. 
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fibrosis
fibrosis
[noun]

the thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury or long-term inflammation

Ex: Chronic hepatitis can lead to fibrosis of the liver over time. 
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to implant

to insert a living tissue or an artificial object into the body via medical procedure

Ex: The surgeon successfully implanted a pacemaker to regulate the patient's heartbeat. 
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autopsy
autopsy
[noun]

an examination of a deceased person's organs to determine the cause of death

Ex: Autopsies are crucial for investigating and determining the cause of death. 
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pharmaceutical

a medicinal drug, especially one manufactured or dispensed for use in diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease

Ex: The clinic stocked several generics and one specialty pharmaceutical for rare metabolic disorders. 
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systolic
systolic
[Adjective]

relating to the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood into the arteries

Ex: The doctor noted a high systolic blood pressure reading during the patient's check-up. 
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antiseptic

a substance that prevents infection when applied to a wound, especially by killing bacteria

Ex: She cleaned the cut with antiseptic before applying a bandage to prevent infection. 
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ascorbic acid

a vitamin that helps keep the body cells healthy and supports the immune system, commonly found in fruits like orange and vegetables like tomatoes

Ex: Oranges contain a high amount of ascorbic acid, which is also known as vitamin C. 
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digestive system

the group of organs inside the body that absorb the food and pass the waste

Ex: Within the digestive system, enzymes and acids collaborate to break down food into smaller molecules for absorption. 
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respiratory
respiratory
[Adjective]

related to the process of breathing and the organs involved in it, such as the lungs and airways

Ex: Respiratory infections, like the common cold or pneumonia, affect the airways and lungs. 
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probiotic
probiotic
[noun]

a live microorganism, typically bacteria or yeast, that is beneficial to health, especially the digestive system

Ex: She started taking probiotics daily to improve her gut health. 
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to sanitize

to clean something thoroughly to reduce or eliminate germs, bacteria, or other harmful microorganisms

Ex: After preparing raw meat, it's important to sanitize the cutting board to prevent cross-contamination. 
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gestational
gestational
[Adjective]

relating to pregnancy or the period of carrying offspring in the womb

Ex: Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. 
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sputum
sputum
[noun]

mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or disease

Ex: The doctor asked the patient to provide a sample of sputum for laboratory analysis. 
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phlegm
phlegm
[noun]

the thick mucus that is formed in the nasal and throat cavities, usually secreted in excessive amounts as a result of common cold

Ex: The common cold often causes an increase in phlegm production, leading to congestion and coughing. 
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positron emission tomography

a medical imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive tracer material to diagnose and monitor diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders

Ex: The PET scan revealed a hot spot indicating increased metabolic activity in the brain. 
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respiration

(anatomy) the act or process of breathing

Ex: Respiration involves the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by the lungs. 
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tonic
tonic
[noun]

a drug that makes one feel stronger, healthier, or better, particularly used to treat exhaustion

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menopause
menopause
[noun]

the natural biological process that marks the end of a woman's menstrual cycles, typically occurring around the age of 50

Ex: Many women experience hot flashes and mood swings during menopause. 
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body mass index

a numerical measure of an individual's body fat based on their weight and height, often used to assess and categorize body weight in relation to health

Ex: The doctor calculated the patient's body mass index to evaluate their overall health. 
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rapid eye movement

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and muscle paralysis, important for cognitive restoration and memory consolidation

Ex: During REM sleep, brain activity resembles that of wakefulness, despite muscle immobility. 
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