كتاب Total English - متقدم - الوحدة 8-المرجع

the use of living organisms, or their parts or products, in industrial, agricultural, medical, or other technological applications to produce or modify useful products or processes

التكنولوجيا الحيوية, البيوتكنولوجيا

the act of banning or deleting information that could be valuable to the enemy

رقابة, منع

the condition of lacking enough money or income to afford basic needs like food, clothing, etc.

فقر

a system of government based on the vote of the public who choose their representatives periodically by free election

الديمقراطية

the process by which economies, cultures, and societies across the world have become more interconnected and integrated

العولمة, التدويل

the increase in the average temperature of the Earth as a result of the greenhouse effect

الاحتباس الحراري, زيادة درجة حرارة الأرض

the fact or process of coming to another country to permanently live there

الهجرة

the illegal use of someone's name and personal information without their knowledge, particularly to gain money or goods

سرقة الهوية, احتيال الهوية

the act of traveling through unfamiliar areas in order to gain knowledge or discover new information

استكشاف, استكشاف علمي

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

التعددية الثقافية, تنوع الثقافات

the state of being without a job

البطالة

the reduction or exhaustion of a resource, supply, or quantity, resulting in a decrease or loss

استنفاد, نقص

a layer of gases in the earth's atmosphere that does not let the sun's ultraviolet radiation pass through

طبقة الأوزون

the scientific process of creating an identical or near-identical copy of a living organism, cell, or DNA sequence through asexual reproduction or genetic engineering techniques

استنساخ, نسخ

the right to express any opinions or ideas without censorship, restraint, or fear of retaliation from the government or other authorities

حرية التعبير, حرية الكلام

a company or group of people that are considered as a single unit by law

شركة, مؤسسة

a change in water, air, etc. that makes it harmful or dangerous

تلوث, تغيير ضار

to give something or someone more credit than is deserved

يُبالِغ في تقدير, يُقدِّر أكثر من اللازم

to consider someone or something as less important, valuable, or skillful than they actually are

يقلل من قيمة, يستخف ب

very harmful or bad

مدمر, كارثي

having the potential to cause death

قاتل, مميت

an advantage or a helpful effect that is the result of a situation

فائدة, ميزة

absolutely necessary or crucial, to the point that being replaced or substituted is not possible

ضروري, أساسي

extremely valuable and essential, to the point that the true worth of something is immeasurable

لا يقدر بثمن, قيم للغاية

to forcefully split or remove something from their place or position, often through pulling or ripping

تمزيق, إزالة

in a way that involves danger yet is full of excitement and adventure

a phone call that is made at a particular time to wake someone up, at their request, for example in a hotel

مكالمة تنبيه, مكالمة توقظ

the ultimate or most important thing

non-stop and continuing through the whole day and night

على مدار الساعة, بلا انقطاع

to feel very tired from working too much over a period of time

يستنفد, يستحرق

a highly favorable or advantageous chance or situation that holds great potential for success or achievement

فرصة ذهبية, فرصة قيّمة

a strong urge to travel or leave somewhere

أقدام حاكة, رغبة قوية في السفر

serious and of great importance or significance

رئيسي, خطير

having significant effects, implications, or consequences that extend over a wide area or range

بعيد المدى, ذو تأثيرات واسعة النطاق

the primary cause of something

جذر, سبب رئيسي

to be the reason for a specific incident or result

يسبب, يؤدي إلى

to create a particular situation or event

to cause something to occur

يؤدي إلى, يتسبب في

to originate from a particular source or factor

ينبع من, يعود إلى

used to specify or emphasize a particular aspect or detail within a broader context

بشكل خاص, على وجه الخصوص

used to introduce additional information

علاوة على ذلك, إضافة إلى ذلك

used to introduce an opposing statement

ومع ذلك, رغم ذلك

used to add extra or supplementary information

بالإضافة إلى, علاوة على

used to introduce a contrasting aspect of a situation, especially when comparing it to a previous point

من ناحية أخرى, بالمقابل

to suggest without explicitly stating

يوحي, يُشير إلى

to highlight something and make it easier to notice by drawing attention toward it

يؤكد, يبرز

to reach an opinion or decision based on available evidence and one's understanding of the matter

يستنتج, يستنبط

to emphasize a particular point or aspect

التأكيد على, تشديد

to cause or give rise to something

يولد, يحدث

to form a judgment on the quality, worth, nature, ability or importance of something, someone, or a situation

يقيّم, يقدّر

to thoughtfully prepare or create something, paying close attention to its details

صياغة, تطوير

used to introduce the most important part of what is being said

بشكل ملحوظ, خصوصا

to briefly state the most important parts or facts of something

تلخيص, استعراض

organized according to the order that the events occurred in

زمني, مرتّب زمانياً

arranged according to the order of the letters in the alphabet

ألفبائي, مرتّب حسب ترتيب الأبجدية