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Vocabulario Avanzado para el TOEFL - La Ley

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre la ley, como "article", "waiver", "acquit", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
court of appeals
court of appeals
[Sustantivo]

a higher court that reviews decisions made by lower courts to determine if there were errors

corte de apelaciones

corte de apelaciones

Ex: Lawyers filed a petition with the court of appeals. 

Los abogados presentaron una petición ante el tribunal de apelaciones.

appellant
appellant
[Sustantivo]

a person who appeals in a higher court against a decision made in a lower court

apelante

apelante

Ex: The appellant argued that the lower court made a legal error. 

El apelante argumentó que el tribunal inferior cometió un error legal.

article
article
[Sustantivo]

a paragraph or clause in a legal agreement or document that is separate from others and deals with something particular

artículo

artículo

Ex: Article 12 of the agreement outlines the rights and responsibilities of both parties. 

El artículo 12 del acuerdo describe los derechos y responsabilidades de ambas partes.

subclause
subclause
[Sustantivo]

an additional part of a legal document

subcláusula

subcláusula

Ex: The lawyer explained the subclauses in the agreement. 

El abogado explicó las subcláusulas en el acuerdo.

writ
writ
[Sustantivo]

a formal written order issued by a court requiring someone to do or stop doing something

orden judicial

orden judicial

Ex: He received a writ ordering him to appear in court. 

Recibió un writ ordenándole que compareciera ante el tribunal.

affidavit
affidavit
[Sustantivo]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

afidávit

afidávit

Ex: Before submitting the document to the court, the attorney carefully reviewed the affidavit to ensure its accuracy and completeness. 

Antes de presentar el documento ante el tribunal, el abogado revisó cuidadosamente el affidavit para garantizar su precisión e integridad.

warrant
warrant
[Sustantivo]

an order issued by a judge that authorizes the police to take specific actions

orden judicial

orden judicial

Ex: The police obtained a search warrant to enter the suspect's residence and collect evidence. 

La policía obtuvo una orden para entrar en la residencia del sospechoso y recoger pruebas.

plaintiff
plaintiff
[Sustantivo]

a person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court

demandante

demandante

Ex: After filing the lawsuit, the plaintiff waited anxiously for the court date. 

Después de presentar la demanda, el demandante esperó ansiosamente la fecha del juicio.

litigator
litigator
[Sustantivo]

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

litigante

litigante

Ex: Becoming a litigator requires not only legal expertise but also strong advocacy and negotiation skills. 

Convertirse en un litigante requiere no solo experiencia legal, sino también fuertes habilidades de defensa y negociación.

settlement
settlement
[Sustantivo]

an official agreement that puts an end to a dispute

acuerdo

acuerdo

Ex: The divorce settlement included the division of assets and custody arrangements for their children. 

El acuerdo de divorcio incluía la división de bienes y los arreglos de custodia para sus hijos.

waiver
waiver
[Sustantivo]

an official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim

documento de renuncia

documento de renuncia

Ex: He requested a waiver to bypass the standard application fees. 

Solicitó una exención para evitar las tarifas de solicitud estándar.

to nullify
to nullify
[Verbo]

to legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.

anular, invalidar

anular, invalidar

Ex: They sought to nullify the decision based on procedural errors. 

Buscaron anular la decisión basándose en errores procesales.

to sanction

to officially approve of something such as an action, change, practice, etc.

sancionar

sancionar

Ex: The university's research committee agreed to sanction funding for the innovative scientific project. 

El comité de investigación de la universidad acordó sancionar el financiamiento para el proyecto científico innovador.

to enforce
to enforce
[Verbo]

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

hacer cumplir, hacer valer

hacer cumplir, hacer valer

Ex: It is important to enforce safety regulations to prevent workplace accidents. 

Es importante hacer cumplir las normas de seguridad para prevenir accidentes laborales.

to issue
to issue
[Verbo]

to officially start a legal process against someone, often with a document

publicar

publicar

Ex: The judge issued a writ against the company. 

El juez emitió un auto contra la empresa.

to acquit
to acquit
[Verbo]

to officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime

absolver

absolver

Ex: Last month, the court acquitted the accused after a thorough trial. 

El mes pasado, el tribunal absolvió al acusado después de un juicio exhaustivo.

to pardon
to pardon
[Verbo]

to discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation

indultar

indultar

Ex: The board voted to pardon the individual, clearing their criminal record. 

La junta votó para indultar al individuo, borrando su historial criminal.

to decree
to decree
[Verbo]

to make an official judgment, decision, or order

decretar

decretar

Ex: The court is decreeing an injunction to halt the construction until further assessment. 

El tribunal decreta una orden judicial para detener la construcción hasta una evaluación adicional.

prosecution
prosecution
[Sustantivo]

the process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt

enjuiciamiento

enjuiciamiento

Ex: Following the arrest, the prosecution moved forward with charges. 

Tras el arresto, la fiscalía procedió con los cargos.

judiciary
judiciary
[Sustantivo]

the part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges

poder judicial

poder judicial

Ex: The judiciary is composed of various levels of courts, from local to supreme. 

El poder judicial está compuesto por varios niveles de tribunales, desde los locales hasta el supremo.

to infringe

to violate someone's rights or property

infringir, violar

infringir, violar

Ex: Posting copyrighted material online without permission can infringe intellectual property rights. 

Publicar material con derechos de autor en línea sin permiso puede infringir los derechos de propiedad intelectual.

to overturn

to reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision

anular

anular

Ex: The new evidence presented in the case may lead to a decision to overturn the conviction. 

Las nuevas pruebas presentadas en el caso pueden llevar a una decisión de anular la condena.

to void
to void
[Verbo]

to announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding

anular

anular

Ex: The board of directors decided to void the agreement with the supplier due to non-performance. 

La junta directiva decidió anular el acuerdo con el proveedor debido al incumplimiento.

conviction
conviction
[Sustantivo]

a formal declaration by which someone is found guilty of a crime in a court of law

condena

condena

Ex: The lawyer appealed the conviction, claiming there was a miscarriage of justice. 

El abogado apeló la condena, alegando que hubo un error judicial.

indictment
indictment
[Sustantivo]

a formal accusation of a crime

acusación

acusación

Ex: The grand jury handed down an indictment, charging the suspect with multiple counts of fraud. 

El gran jurado emitió un indictamento, acusando al sospechoso de múltiples cargos de fraude.

validation
validation
[Sustantivo]

the act of making something legally acceptable and the declaration of it

validación

validación

Ex: The judge signed the validation of the new law. 

El juez firmó la validación de la nueva ley.

litigation
litigation
[Sustantivo]

the formal procedure of resolving disputes through the court system

litigio

litigio

Ex: They avoided litigation by settling out of court. 

Evitaron el litigio llegando a un acuerdo extrajudicial.

to outlaw
to outlaw
[Verbo]

to officially state that something is illegal

prohibir

prohibir

Ex: The new legislation sought to outlaw discrimination based on gender, race, and sexual orientation. 

La nueva legislación buscaba prohibir la discriminación basada en género, raza y orientación sexual.

to legislate

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

legislar

legislar

Ex: In the coming years, governments around the world will need to legislate laws to address emerging technologies. 

En los próximos años, los gobiernos de todo el mundo necesitarán legislar leyes para abordar las tecnologías emergentes.

notary
notary
[Sustantivo]

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

notario

notario

Ex: Notaries play a crucial role in verifying the authenticity of signatures and ensuring the legality of documents. 

Los notarios desempeñan un papel crucial en la verificación de la autenticidad de las firmas y en garantizar la legalidad de los documentos.

legality
legality
[Sustantivo]

the fact that something is in accordance with the law

legalidad

legalidad

Ex: The court examined the legality of the company's actions. 

El tribunal examinó la legalidad de las acciones de la empresa.

to interrogate

to question someone in an aggressive way for a long time in order to get information

interrogar

interrogar

Ex: The prosecutor sought permission to interrogate the key witness to strengthen the case. 

El fiscal solicitó permiso para interrogar al testigo clave para fortalecer el caso.

barrister
barrister
[Sustantivo]

a legal professional qualified and licensed to advocate on behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts

abogado

abogado

Ex: After completing law school and passing the bar exam, she began her career as a barrister, specializing in criminal law. 

Después de completar la facultad de derecho y aprobar el examen de la abogacía, comenzó su carrera como abogado litigante, especializándose en derecho penal.

to adjudicate

to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

arbitrar, juzgar

arbitrar, juzgar

Ex: The court will adjudicate the divorce proceedings and decide on matters of custody and assets. 

El tribunal adjudicará los procedimientos de divorcio y decidirá sobre cuestiones de custodia y bienes.

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