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Продвинутый Словарный Запас для TOEFL - Закон

Здесь вы узнаете некоторые английские слова о праве, такие как "статья", "отказ", "оправдать" и т. д., которые необходимы для экзамена TOEFL.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
court of appeals
court of appeals
[существительное]

a higher court that reviews decisions made by lower courts to determine if there were errors

апелляционный суд

апелляционный суд

Ex: The case was taken to the court of appeals. 
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appellant
appellant
[существительное]

a person who appeals in a higher court against a decision made in a lower court

апеллянт, заявитель

апеллянт, заявитель

Ex: The appellant filed an appeal after losing the trial. 
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article
article
[существительное]

a paragraph or clause in a legal agreement or document that is separate from others and deals with something particular

статья

статья

Ex: The contract was voided because Article 4 was violated. 
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subclause
subclause
[существительное]

an additional part of a legal document

подпункт

подпункт

Ex: The contract included a subclause about payment terms. 
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writ
writ
[существительное]

a formal written order issued by a court requiring someone to do or stop doing something

судебный приказ, ордер

судебный приказ, ордер

Ex: The lawyer filed a writ to halt construction. 
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affidavit
affidavit
[существительное]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

письменное свидетельство

письменное свидетельство

Ex: She signed an affidavit, swearing under oath to tell the truth in her statement to the court. 
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warrant
warrant
[существительное]

an order issued by a judge that authorizes the police to take specific actions

ордер

ордер

Ex: The suspect's criminal history and behavior provided enough grounds to issue a search warrant. 
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plaintiff
plaintiff
[существительное]

a person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court

истец

истец

Ex: The plaintiff presented compelling evidence to support their case. 
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litigator
litigator
[существительное]

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

судебный адвокат

судебный адвокат

Ex: As a skilled litigator, she has successfully represented clients in numerous high-profile court cases. 
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settlement
settlement
[существительное]

an official agreement that puts an end to a dispute

урегулирование

урегулирование

Ex: The two companies reached a settlement that resolved the patent infringement lawsuit. 
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waiver
waiver
[существительное]

an official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim

отказ от права

отказ от права

Ex: He signed a waiver to participate in the extreme sports event. 
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to nullify
to nullify
[глагол]

to legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.

аннулировать

аннулировать

Ex: The judge decided to nullify the marriage due to fraudulent claims. 
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to sanction
to sanction
[глагол]

to officially approve of something such as an action, change, practice, etc.

санкционировать

санкционировать

Ex: The city council decided to sanction the music festival, granting official permission for its organization in the park. 
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to enforce
to enforce
[глагол]

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

обеспечивать исполнение

обеспечивать исполнение

Ex: The police are tasked with enforcing the laws to maintain public order. 
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to issue
to issue
[глагол]

to officially start a legal process against someone, often with a document

делать предупреждение

делать предупреждение

Ex: The court issued a warrant for his arrest. 
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to acquit
to acquit
[глагол]

to officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime

оправдывать

оправдывать

Ex: The company was accused of wrongdoing, but after a thorough investigation, they were acquitted of any illegal activities. 
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to pardon
to pardon
[глагол]

to discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation

помиловать

помиловать

Ex: The governor decided to pardon the prisoner after reviewing his case. 
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to decree
to decree
[глагол]

to make an official judgment, decision, or order

издавать указ

издавать указ

Ex: The king decreed that all citizens must pay taxes by the end of the month. 
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prosecution
prosecution
[существительное]

the process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt

судебное преследование

судебное преследование

Ex: The lengthy prosecution involved several months of court hearings. 
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judiciary
judiciary
[существительное]

the part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges

судебные органы

судебные органы

Ex: The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the laws and ensuring justice. 
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to infringe
to infringe
[глагол]

to violate someone's rights or property

преступать, нарушать

преступать, нарушать

Ex: The company was warned about potential legal consequences if it continued to infringe environmental regulations. 
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to overturn
to overturn
[глагол]

to reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision

опровергать

опровергать

Ex: The Supreme Court decided to overturn the lower court's ruling, citing a procedural error. 
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to void
to void
[глагол]

to announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding

делать недействительным

делать недействительным

Ex: The court voided the contract due to a breach of terms by the seller. 
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conviction
conviction
[существительное]

a formal declaration by which someone is found guilty of a crime in a court of law

признание

признание

Ex: The defendant's conviction was based on solid evidence presented during the trial. 
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indictment
indictment
[существительное]

a formal accusation of a crime

обвинительный акт

обвинительный акт

Ex: The indictment revealed a complex web of illegal activities involving drug trafficking and money laundering. 
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validation
validation
[существительное]

the act of making something legally acceptable and the declaration of it

валидация, подтверждение

валидация, подтверждение

Ex: The contract received validation from the court. 
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litigation
litigation
[существительное]

the formal procedure of resolving disputes through the court system

судебный процесс

судебный процесс

Ex: The company is involved in litigation over patent rights. 
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to outlaw
to outlaw
[глагол]

to officially state that something is illegal

объявить вне закона

объявить вне закона

Ex: The government decided to outlaw the sale of counterfeit goods to protect consumers. 
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to legislate
to legislate
[глагол]

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

издавать закон

издавать закон

Ex: They are currently legislating new measures to address environmental concerns. 
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notary
notary
[существительное]

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

нотариус

нотариус

Ex: The notary public witnessed the signing of the legal document and affixed their official seal. 
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legality
legality
[существительное]

the fact that something is in accordance with the law

законность

законность

Ex: The legality of the contract was questioned. 
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to interrogate
to interrogate
[глагол]

to question someone in an aggressive way for a long time in order to get information

допрашивать

допрашивать

Ex: The detective decided to interrogate the suspect to uncover details about the crime. 
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barrister
barrister
[существительное]

a legal professional qualified and licensed to advocate on behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts

адвокат

адвокат

Ex: The barrister specialized in family law, providing guidance and representation in divorce and custody cases. 
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to adjudicate
to adjudicate
[глагол]

to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

выносить решение

выносить решение

Ex: The judge will adjudicate the case and determine the appropriate legal resolution. 
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