Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Loi

Ici, vous apprendrez quelques mots anglais sur le droit, tels que "article", "renonciation", "acquitter", etc., nécessaires pour l'examen TOEFL.

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court of appeals

[nom]

in the US, a court of law that makes decisions regarding cases in which the lower court's judgment is contested

cour d'appel

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appellant

[nom]

a person who appeals in a higher court against a decision made in a lower court

partie appelante, appelante

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article

[nom]

a paragraph or clause in a legal agreement or document that is separate from others and deals with something particular

article de loi

Ex: Article 9 specifies the conditions under which the agreement can be terminated .L'**article** 9 précise les conditions dans lesquelles l'accord peut être résilié.

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subclause

[nom]

an additional part of a legal document

paragraphe

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writ

[nom]

a legal document from a court or another legal authority that instructs someone on what to do or not to do

décret, ordonnance, acte judiciaire

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affidavit

[nom]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

affidavit

Ex: Falsifying information in an affidavit can result in serious legal consequences , including perjury charges .Falsifier des informations dans un **affidavit** peut entraîner de graves conséquences juridiques, y compris des accusations de parjure.

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warrant

[nom]

an order issued by a judge that authorizes the police to take specific actions

mandat

Ex: He challenged the validity of the warrant, arguing that it lacked probable cause .Il a contesté la validité du **mandat**, arguant qu'il manquait de cause probable.

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plaintiff

[nom]

a person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court

plaignant, plaignante

Ex: During the trial , the plaintiff testified about the impact of the defendant 's actions .Pendant le procès, le **demandeur** a témoigné de l'impact des actions du défendeur.

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litigator

[nom]

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

plaideur, plaideuse

Ex: In the courtroom , the litigator presented persuasive arguments and effectively cross-examined witnesses to support their client 's case .Dans la salle d'audience, le **procureur** a présenté des arguments persuasifs et a contre-interrogé efficacement les témoins pour soutenir le dossier de son client.

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settlement

[nom]

an official agreement that puts an end to a dispute

accord

Ex: The settlement required the defendant to pay a substantial sum to the plaintiff to settle the legal dispute .Le **règlement** a obligé le défendeur à payer une somme substantielle au demandeur pour régler le litige juridique.

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waiver

[nom]

an official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim

renonciation, dispense

Ex: Before enrolling in the course , students had to sign a waiver acknowledging the risks .Avant de s'inscrire au cours, les étudiants devaient signer une **décharge** reconnaissant les risques.

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to nullify

[verbe]

to legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.

annuler, invalider

Ex: The company ’s failure to comply with the terms will nullify the benefits outlined in the agreement .Le non-respect des termes par l'entreprise **annulera** les avantages prévus dans l'accord.

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to sanction

[verbe]

to officially approve of something such as an action, change, practice, etc.

sanctionner

Ex: The government decided to sanction the trade agreement between the two countries , providing official authorization for the deal .Le gouvernement a décidé de **sanctionner** l'accord commercial entre les deux pays, fournissant une autorisation officielle pour l'accord.

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to enforce

[verbe]

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

faire appliquer, faire respecter

Ex: Security personnel enforce the venue 's rules to ensure the safety and enjoyment of all attendees .Le personnel de sécurité **fait respecter** les règles du lieu pour assurer la sécurité et le plaisir de tous les participants.

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to issue

[verbe]

to release an official document such as a statement, warrant, etc.

délivrer

Ex: Can you issue a proclamation for the upcoming event ?Pouvez-vous **émettre** une proclamation pour l'événement à venir ?

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to acquit

[verbe]

to officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime

acquitter

Ex: The exoneration process ultimately led to the court 's decision to acquit the defendant of all charges .Le processus d'exonération a finalement conduit à la décision du tribunal de **acquitter** le défendeur de toutes les accusations.

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to pardon

[verbe]

to discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation

pardonner à

Ex: The clemency petition resulted in the decision to pardon the non-violent offenders .La demande de clémence a abouti à la décision de **grâce** pour les délinquants non violents.

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to decree

[verbe]

to make an official judgment, decision, or order

décréter

Ex: The council decreed new zoning regulations for the residential area .Le conseil a **décrété** de nouvelles réglementations de zonage pour la zone résidentielle.

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prosecution

[nom]

the process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt

poursuites, poursuites judiciaires

Ex: He faced a rigorous prosecution, which included multiple trials .Il a fait face à une **poursuite** rigoureuse, qui comprenait plusieurs procès.

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judiciary

[nom]

the part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges

système judiciaire

Ex: The judiciary operates independently from the executive and legislative branches .Le **pouvoir judiciaire** fonctionne indépendamment des branches exécutive et législative.

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to infringe

[verbe]

to violate someone's rights or property

enfreindre, contrevenir à, transgresser

Ex: The court found the defendant guilty of infringing the patent rights of a competing company .Le tribunal a reconnu le défendeur coupable d'**enfreindre** les droits de brevet d'une entreprise concurrente.

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to overturn

[verbe]

to reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision

casser

Ex: The athlete's suspension was overturned after a thorough review of the doping test results.La suspension de l'athlète a été **annulée** après un examen approfondi des résultats des tests de dopage.

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to void

[verbe]

to announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding

composter

Ex: The company voided the warranty when the product was found to be tampered with .La société a **annulé** la garantie lorsque le produit a été trouvé altéré.

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conviction

[nom]

a formal declaration by which someone is found guilty of a crime in a court of law

condamnation

Ex: She was shocked by his conviction, as he had always maintained his innocence .Elle a été choquée par sa **condamnation**, car il avait toujours maintenu son innocence.

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indictment

[nom]

a formal accusation of a crime

inculpation

Ex: Upon receiving the indictment, the defendant was arrested and taken into custody by law enforcement officers .Après avoir reçu l'**acte d'accusation**, le défendeur a été arrêté et placé en garde à vue par les agents des forces de l'ordre.

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validation

[nom]

the act of making something legally acceptable and the declaration of it

validation

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litigation

[nom]

the process of bringing a lawsuit to a court in order to obtain a judgment

procès

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to outlaw

[verbe]

to officially state that something is illegal

interdire, proscrire

Ex: To address concerns about privacy , the government moved to outlaw certain intrusive surveillance practices .Pour répondre aux préoccupations concernant la vie privée, le gouvernement a décidé d'**interdire** certaines pratiques de surveillance intrusives.

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to legislate

[verbe]

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

légiférer sur

Ex: The parliament is set to legislate a minimum wage increase in the next session .Le parlement est sur le point de **légiférer** une augmentation du salaire minimum lors de la prochaine session.

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notary

[nom]

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

notaire

Ex: The notary confirmed the identity of the signatories and witnessed the signing of the will in accordance with state law .Le **notaire** a confirmé l'identité des signataires et a assisté à la signature du testament conformément à la loi de l'État.

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legality

[nom]

the fact that something is in accordance with the law

légalité

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to interrogate

[verbe]

to question someone in an aggressive way for a long time in order to get information

interroger

Ex: The investigator spent hours interrogating the suspect to unravel the motives behind the incident .L'enquêteur a passé des heures à **interroger** le suspect pour démêler les motifs de l'incident.

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barrister

[nom]

a legal professional qualified and licensed to advocate on behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts

avocat, plaidant, plaidante

Ex: As a barrister, he is known for his sharp legal mind and eloquent courtroom presentations .

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to adjudicate

[verbe]

to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

arbitrer, juger, être juge

Ex: Last month , the mediator was persistently adjudicating conflicts between the parties .Le mois dernier, le médiateur **arbitrait** avec persistance les conflits entre les parties.

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Vocabulaire Avancé pour le TOEFL - Loi