托福高级词汇 - 法律

在这里，你将学习一些关于法律的英语单词，如“条款”、“放弃”、“无罪释放”等，这些都是托福考试所需要的。

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court of appeals

[名词]

in the US, a court of law that makes decisions regarding cases in which the lower court's judgment is contested

上诉法院, 上诉法庭

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appellant

[名词]

a person who appeals in a higher court against a decision made in a lower court

上诉人, 申诉人

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article

[名词]

a paragraph or clause in a legal agreement or document that is separate from others and deals with something particular

条款, 条文

Ex: Article 9 specifies the conditions under which the agreement can be terminated .**第9条**规定了协议可以终止的条件。

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subclause

[名词]

an additional part of a legal document

子条款

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writ

[名词]

a legal document from a court or another legal authority that instructs someone on what to do or not to do

令状, 法院命令

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affidavit

[名词]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

宣誓书, 书面证词

Ex: Falsifying information in affidavit can result in serious legal consequences , including perjury charges .在**宣誓书**中伪造信息可能导致严重的法律后果，包括伪证指控。

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warrant

[名词]

an order issued by a judge that authorizes the police to take specific actions

令状

Ex: He challenged the validity of warrant, arguing that it lacked probable cause .他对**逮捕令**的有效性提出质疑，认为其缺乏合理依据。

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plaintiff

[名词]

a person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court

原告, 起诉人

Ex: During the trial , plaintiff testified about the impact of the defendant 's actions .在审判期间，**原告**就被告行为的影响作证。

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litigator

[名词]

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

诉讼律师, 专门从事诉讼的律师

Ex: In the courtroom , litigator presented persuasive arguments and effectively cross-examined witnesses to support their client 's case .在法庭上，**诉讼律师**提出了有说服力的论点，并有效地盘问了证人以支持其客户的案件。

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settlement

[名词]

an official agreement that puts an end to a dispute

协议, 解决

Ex: settlement required the defendant to pay a substantial sum to the plaintiff to settle the legal dispute .**和解**要求被告向原告支付一大笔钱以解决法律纠纷。

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waiver

[名词]

an official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim

放弃, 免责声明

Ex: Before enrolling in the course , students had to sign waiver acknowledging the risks .在注册课程之前，学生必须签署一份**弃权书**，承认风险。

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to nullify

[动词]

to legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.

废除, 使无效

Ex: The company ’s failure to comply with the terms nullify the benefits outlined in the agreement .公司未能遵守条款将**使**协议中概述的**利益无效**。

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to sanction

[动词]

to officially approve of something such as an action, change, practice, etc.

批准, 正式认可

Ex: The government decided sanction the trade agreement between the two countries , providing official authorization for the deal .政府决定**批准**两国之间的贸易协定，为交易提供官方授权。

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to enforce

[动词]

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

执行, 确保遵守

Ex: Security enforce the venue 's rules to ensure the safety and enjoyment of all attendees .安保人员**执行**场馆的规则，以确保所有参与者的安全和享受。

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to issue

[动词]

to release an official document such as a statement, warrant, etc.

发布, 发表

Ex: Can issue a proclamation for the upcoming event ?你能为即将举行的活动**发布**公告吗？

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to acquit

[动词]

to officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime

宣判无罪, 宣告无罪

Ex: The exoneration process ultimately led to the court 's decision acquit the defendant of all charges .免责程序最终导致法院决定**无罪释放**被告的所有指控。

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to pardon

[动词]

to discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation

赦免, 宽恕

Ex: The clemency petition resulted in the decision pardon the non-violent offenders .宽恕请愿书导致了**赦免**非暴力罪犯的决定。

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to decree

[动词]

to make an official judgment, decision, or order

颁布, 下令

Ex: The decreed new zoning regulations for the residential area .委员会**颁布**了住宅区的新分区规定。

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prosecution

[名词]

the process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt

起诉, 检控

Ex: He faced a prosecution, which included multiple trials .他面临了严格的**起诉**，其中包括多次审判。

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judiciary

[名词]

the part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges

司法, 司法部门

Ex: judiciary operates independently from the executive and legislative branches .**司法机构**独立于行政和立法部门运作。

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to infringe

[动词]

to violate someone's rights or property

侵犯, 违反

Ex: The court found the defendant guilty infringing the patent rights of a competing company .法院认定被告**侵犯**了一家竞争公司的专利权。

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to overturn

[动词]

to reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision

推翻, 废除

Ex: The athlete's suspension was overturned after a thorough review of the doping test results.在对兴奋剂检测结果进行彻底审查后，运动员的停赛被**推翻**了。

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to void

[动词]

to announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding

废除, 宣布无效

Ex: The voided the warranty when the product was found to be tampered with .当发现产品被篡改时，公司**取消了**保修。

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conviction

[名词]

a formal declaration by which someone is found guilty of a crime in a court of law

定罪, 有罪宣告

Ex: She was shocked by conviction, as he had always maintained his innocence .她对他的**定罪**感到震惊，因为他一直坚称自己是无辜的。

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indictment

[名词]

a formal accusation of a crime

起诉, 控告

Ex: Upon receiving indictment, the defendant was arrested and taken into custody by law enforcement officers .收到**起诉书**后，被告被执法人员逮捕并拘留。

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validation

[名词]

the act of making something legally acceptable and the declaration of it

验证, 批准

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litigation

[名词]

the process of bringing a lawsuit to a court in order to obtain a judgment

诉讼, 诉讼过程

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to outlaw

[动词]

to officially state that something is illegal

禁止, 宣布为非法

Ex: To address concerns about privacy , the government moved outlaw certain intrusive surveillance practices .为了解决对隐私的担忧，政府决定**禁止**某些侵入性监控行为。

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to legislate

[动词]

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

立法, 制定法律

Ex: The parliament is set legislate a minimum wage increase in the next session .议会准备在下一届会议上**立法**提高最低工资。

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notary

[名词]

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

公证人, 公共官员

Ex: notary confirmed the identity of the signatories and witnessed the signing of the will in accordance with state law .**公证人**确认了签署人的身份，并按照州法律见证了遗嘱的签署。

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legality

[名词]

the fact that something is in accordance with the law

合法性

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to interrogate

[动词]

to question someone in an aggressive way for a long time in order to get information

审问

Ex: The investigator spent interrogating the suspect to unravel the motives behind the incident .调查员花了数小时**审问**嫌疑人，以揭开事件背后的动机。

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barrister

[名词]

a legal professional qualified and licensed to advocate on behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts

Ex: As barrister, he is known for his sharp legal mind and eloquent courtroom presentations .

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to adjudicate

[动词]

to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

裁决, 判决

Ex: Last month , the mediator was adjudicating conflicts between the parties .上个月，调解人坚持不懈地**裁决**各方之间的冲突。

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托福高级词汇
感受与情感	建议与决定	个人特征	形状
动物王国	食物和餐厅	医疗与医学	身体状况和伤害
心理健康与障碍	Politics	Religion	仇恨或感情
法律	怀疑与确定	罪与罚	Society
社会问题	Argumentation	说服与同意	偏好、义务和许可

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托福高级词汇 - 法律