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Advanced Vocabulary for TOEFL - The Law

Here you will learn some English words about law, such as "article", "waiver", "acquit", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

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Advanced Words Needed for TOEFL
court of appeals

a higher court that reviews decisions made by lower courts to determine if there were errors

Ex: The case was taken to the court of appeals. 
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appellant
appellant
[noun]

a person who appeals in a higher court against a decision made in a lower court

Ex: The appellant filed an appeal after losing the trial. 
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article
article
[noun]

a paragraph or clause in a legal agreement or document that is separate from others and deals with something particular

Ex: The contract was voided because Article 4 was violated. 
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subclause
subclause
[noun]

an additional part of a legal document

Ex: The contract included a subclause about payment terms. 
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writ
writ
[noun]

a formal written order issued by a court requiring someone to do or stop doing something

Ex: The lawyer filed a writ to halt construction. 
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affidavit
affidavit
[noun]

a written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court

Ex: She signed an affidavit, swearing under oath to tell the truth in her statement to the court. 
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warrant
warrant
[noun]

an order issued by a judge that authorizes the police to take specific actions

Ex: The suspect's criminal history and behavior provided enough grounds to issue a search warrant. 
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plaintiff
plaintiff
[noun]

a person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court

Ex: The plaintiff presented compelling evidence to support their case. 
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litigator
litigator
[noun]

a lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law

Ex: As a skilled litigator, she has successfully represented clients in numerous high-profile court cases. 
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settlement

an official agreement that puts an end to a dispute

Ex: The two companies reached a settlement that resolved the patent infringement lawsuit. 
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waiver
waiver
[noun]

an official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim

Ex: He signed a waiver to participate in the extreme sports event. 
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to nullify

to legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.

Ex: The judge decided to nullify the marriage due to fraudulent claims. 
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to sanction

to officially approve of something such as an action, change, practice, etc.

Ex: The city council decided to sanction the music festival, granting official permission for its organization in the park. 
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to enforce

to ensure that a law or rule is followed

Ex: The police are tasked with enforcing the laws to maintain public order. 
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to issue
to issue
[Verb]

to officially start a legal process against someone, often with a document

Ex: The court issued a warrant for his arrest. 
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to acquit
to acquit
[Verb]

to officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime

Ex: The company was accused of wrongdoing, but after a thorough investigation, they were acquitted of any illegal activities. 
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to pardon
to pardon
[Verb]

to discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation

Ex: The governor decided to pardon the prisoner after reviewing his case. 
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to decree
to decree
[Verb]

to make an official judgment, decision, or order

Ex: The king decreed that all citizens must pay taxes by the end of the month. 
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prosecution

the process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt

Ex: The lengthy prosecution involved several months of court hearings. 
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judiciary
judiciary
[noun]

the part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges

Ex: The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the laws and ensuring justice. 
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to infringe

to violate someone's rights or property

Ex: The company was warned about potential legal consequences if it continued to infringe environmental regulations. 
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to overturn

to reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision

Ex: The Supreme Court decided to overturn the lower court's ruling, citing a procedural error. 
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to void
to void
[Verb]

to announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding

Ex: The court voided the contract due to a breach of terms by the seller. 
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conviction

a formal declaration by which someone is found guilty of a crime in a court of law

Ex: The defendant's conviction was based on solid evidence presented during the trial. 
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indictment

a formal accusation of a crime

Ex: The indictment revealed a complex web of illegal activities involving drug trafficking and money laundering. 
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validation

the act of making something legally acceptable and the declaration of it

Ex: The contract received validation from the court. 
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litigation

the formal procedure of resolving disputes through the court system

Ex: The company is involved in litigation over patent rights. 
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to outlaw
to outlaw
[Verb]

to officially state that something is illegal

Ex: The government decided to outlaw the sale of counterfeit goods to protect consumers. 
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to legislate

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

Ex: They are currently legislating new measures to address environmental concerns. 
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notary
notary
[noun]

an official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable

Ex: The notary public witnessed the signing of the legal document and affixed their official seal. 
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legality
legality
[noun]

the fact that something is in accordance with the law

Ex: The legality of the contract was questioned. 
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to interrogate

to question someone in an aggressive way for a long time in order to get information

Ex: The detective decided to interrogate the suspect to uncover details about the crime. 
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barrister
barrister
[noun]

a legal professional qualified and licensed to advocate on behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts

Ex: The barrister specialized in family law, providing guidance and representation in divorce and custody cases. 
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to adjudicate

to make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute

Ex: The judge will adjudicate the case and determine the appropriate legal resolution. 
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