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Vocabulario Esencial para el TOEFL - Sociedad y Problemas Sociales

Aquí aprenderás algunas palabras en inglés sobre sociedad y problemas sociales, como "aristocracy", "tolerance", "feminism", etc. que se necesitan para el examen TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
class
class
[Sustantivo]

a group of people having the same economic or social status in a particular society

clase

clase

Ex: Wealth and education often influence a person's class. 

La riqueza y la educación a menudo influyen en la clase de una persona.

aristocracy
aristocracy
[Sustantivo]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

aristocracia

aristocracia

Ex: The aristocracy often lived in grand estates and manors. 

La aristocracia solía vivir en grandes fincas y mansiones.

noble
noble
[Adjetivo]

belonging to the highest social or political class

noble

noble

Ex: The noble family's crest adorned the gates of their ancestral castle, signifying their esteemed status. 

El escudo de la familia noble adornaba las puertas de su castillo ancestral, significando su estatus estimado.

civil
civil
[Adjetivo]

related to the citizens of a country

civil

civil

Ex: They participated in civil disobedience to protest unjust laws. 

Participaron en la desobediencia civil para protestar contra leyes injustas.

citizen
citizen
[Sustantivo]

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

ciudadano

ciudadano

Ex: The government introduced new policies to protect the rights of its citizens. 

El gobierno introdujo nuevas políticas para proteger los derechos de sus ciudadanos.

status
status
[Sustantivo]

someone or something's professional or social position relative to that of others

posición social

posición social

Ex: The promotion elevated her status within the company. 

El ascenso elevó su estatus dentro de la empresa.

welfare
welfare
[Sustantivo]

a financial aid provided by the government for people who are sick, unemployed, etc.

prestaciones sociales

prestaciones sociales

Ex: Welfare programs are designed to help vulnerable populations meet basic needs. 

Los programas de bienestar están diseñados para ayudar a las poblaciones vulnerables a satisfacer sus necesidades básicas.

tolerance
tolerance
[Sustantivo]

willingness to accept behavior or opinions that are against one's own

tolerancia

tolerancia

Ex: Her tolerance of differing opinions made her a great mediator during heated debates. 

Su tolerancia hacia las opiniones diferentes la convirtió en una gran mediadora durante debates acalorados.

philanthropy
philanthropy
[Sustantivo]

the activity of helping people, particularly financially

filantropía

filantropía

Ex: She dedicated her life to philanthropy. 

Ella dedicó su vida a la filantropía.

sexuality
sexuality
[Sustantivo]

the qualities and activities that are related to sex

sexualidad

sexualidad

Ex: Society's attitudes towards sexuality have evolved, leading to greater acceptance and visibility of diverse sexual orientations. 

Las actitudes de la sociedad hacia la sexualidad han evolucionado, lo que lleva a una mayor aceptación y visibilidad de diversas orientaciones sexuales.

gender
gender
[Sustantivo]

the fact or condition of being male, female or non-binary that people identify themselves with based on social and cultural roles

sexo

sexo

Ex: The school curriculum has been updated to be more inclusive of gender diversity. 

El plan de estudios escolar se ha actualizado para ser más inclusivo con la diversidad de género.

feminine
feminine
[Adjetivo]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with women

femenino

femenino

Ex: Jack appreciated Emily's feminine sensitivity and empathy during their conversation. 

Jack apreció la sensibilidad y empatía femeninas de Emily durante su conversación.

masculine
masculine
[Adjetivo]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with men

masculino

masculino

Ex: Tim appreciated the masculine strength and determination of the athletes competing in the marathon. 

Tim apreció la fuerza masculina y la determinación de los atletas que competían en el maratón.

feminism
feminism
[Sustantivo]

the movement that supports equal rights and opportunities for women and men

feminismo

feminismo

Ex: Many writers discuss feminism in their books. 

Muchos escritores discuten el feminismo en sus libros.

race
race
[Sustantivo]

each of the main groups into which humans can be divided based on their physical attributes such as the color of their skin

raza

raza

Ex: Despite advances in understanding human genetics, race continues to play a significant role in society, influencing everything from social interactions to access to resources. 

A pesar de los avances en la comprensión de la genética humana, la raza sigue desempeñando un papel importante en la sociedad, influyendo en todo, desde las interacciones sociales hasta el acceso a los recursos.

ethnicity
ethnicity
[Sustantivo]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

etnia, etnicidad

etnia, etnicidad

Ex: The school's diversity program celebrates students of every ethnicity. 

El programa de diversidad de la escuela celebra a los estudiantes de cada etnia.

multicultural
multicultural
[Adjetivo]

relating to or involving several different cultures

multicultural

multicultural

Ex: She enjoys exploring multicultural cuisine, trying dishes from different cultures. 

Ella disfruta explorando la cocina multicultural, probando platos de diferentes culturas.

global village
global village
[Sustantivo]

‌the whole world considered as a small place because of being closely connected by modern communication systems

aldea global

aldea global

Ex: The global village is characterized by the free flow of information, goods, and services, facilitating international trade and cultural exchange. 

La aldea global se caracteriza por el libre flujo de información, bienes y servicios, facilitando el comercio internacional y el intercambio cultural.

inequality
inequality
[Sustantivo]

a situation in which people or groups are not treated equally or fairly

desigualdad

desigualdad

Ex: Income inequality affects access to education and healthcare. 

La desigualdad de ingresos afecta el acceso a la educación y la atención médica.

gender gap
gender gap
[Sustantivo]

the differences between men and women's rights, opportunities, and treatment in society

brecha de género

brecha de género

Ex: Despite progress in recent years, the gender gap in healthcare access and outcomes continues to pose challenges, particularly in marginalized communities. 

A pesar del progreso en los últimos años, la brecha de género en el acceso a la atención médica y los resultados sigue planteando desafíos, particularmente en las comunidades marginadas.

to discriminate

to unfairly treat a person or group of people based on their sex, race, etc.

discriminar

discriminar

Ex: Discriminating against someone because of their race is a form of racism. 

Discriminar a alguien por su raza es una forma de racismo.

diversity
diversity
[Sustantivo]

the practice of involving many people from different cultures, social backgrounds, sexual orientations, etc.

diversidad

diversidad

Ex: The city council's diversity initiative aims to ensure representation from all community sectors in decision-making processes. 

La iniciativa de diversidad del consejo municipal tiene como objetivo garantizar la representación de todos los sectores de la comunidad en los procesos de toma de decisiones.

superior
superior
[Adjetivo]

higher in status or rank in comparison with someone or something else

superior

superior

Ex: The superior court judge presided over the high-profile case. 

El juez de la corte superior presidió el caso de alto perfil.

inferior
inferior
[Adjetivo]

lower in rank or status in comparison with someone or something else

inferior

inferior

Ex: She was given an inferior role in the project, despite her previous achievements. 

Se le dio un papel inferior en el proyecto, a pesar de sus logros anteriores.

segregation
segregation
[Sustantivo]

a social system or practice that keeps minority groups separate from the majority, often through separate facilities or services

segregación

segregación

Ex: Segregation in housing contributed to unequal opportunities. 

La segregación en la vivienda contribuyó a oportunidades desiguales.

homelessness
homelessness
[Sustantivo]

the fact or condition of not having a home

falta de vivienda

falta de vivienda

Ex: The shelter provides food, warmth, and a safe space for those experiencing homelessness. 

El refugio proporciona comida, calor y un espacio seguro para quienes experimentan la falta de hogar.

sexism
sexism
[Sustantivo]

the belief or behavior that one sex is less important, capable, or valuable than the other

sexismo

sexismo

Ex: The company introduced training to prevent sexism in the office. 

La empresa introdujo capacitación para prevenir el sexismo en la oficina.

racism
racism
[Sustantivo]

harmful or unfair actions, words, or thoughts directed at people of different races, often based on the idea that one’s own race is more intelligent, moral, or worthy

racismo

racismo

Ex: His promotion was delayed due to racism in the workplace. 

Su ascenso se retrasó debido al racismo en el lugar de trabajo.

alcoholism
alcoholism
[Sustantivo]

a medical condition caused by drinking an excessive amounts of alcohol on a regular basis

alcoholismo

alcoholismo

Ex: Alcoholism can impact a person's career, relationships, and overall well-being. 

Alcoholismo puede afectar la carrera, las relaciones y el bienestar general de una persona.

addiction
addiction
[Sustantivo]

the inability to stop using or doing something, particularly something harmful or unhealthy

adicción

adicción

Ex: Behavioral addictions, like gambling or internet addiction, involve an uncontrollable urge to engage in a specific activity despite negative consequences. 

Las adicciones conductuales, como el juego o la adicción a Internet, implican un impulso incontrolable de participar en una actividad específica a pesar de las consecuencias negativas.

demonstration
demonstration
[Sustantivo]

a display of support for or protest against something or someone by a march or public meeting

demostración

demostración

Ex: The labor union held a demonstration outside the company headquarters to demand better working conditions. 

El sindicato realizó una manifestación fuera de la sede de la empresa para exigir mejores condiciones laborales.

minority
minority
[Sustantivo]

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

minoría

minoría

Ex: The report highlighted the struggles of the minority in accessing resources. 

El informe destacó las dificultades de la minoría para acceder a los recursos.

prejudice
prejudice
[Sustantivo]

an unreasonable opinion or judgment based on dislike felt for a person, group, etc., particularly because of their race, sex, etc.

prejuicio

prejuicio

Ex: Overcoming prejudice requires education and understanding. 

Superar los prejuicios requiere educación y comprensión.

starvation
starvation
[Sustantivo]

a situation where a person or animal dies or greatly suffers from having no food for a long time

hambre

hambre

slum
slum
[Sustantivo]

(often plural) a very poor and overpopulated area of a city or town in which the houses are not in good condition

barrio bajo, suburbio

barrio bajo, suburbio

Ex: He visited the slum to understand the struggles of its residents. 

Visitó el barrio marginal para entender las luchas de sus residentes.

shelter
shelter
[Sustantivo]

a place in which very poor people are provided with food and housing

albergue

albergue

Ex: The local shelter offers meals and beds for those in need. 

El refugio local ofrece comidas y camas para los necesitados.

refugee
refugee
[Sustantivo]

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

refugiado

refugiado

Ex: The international community mobilized to support refugees displaced by the conflict. 

La comunidad internacional se movilizó para apoyar a los refugiados desplazados por el conflicto.

community service
community service
[Sustantivo]

unpaid work done either as a form of punishment by a criminal or as a voluntary service by a citizen

servicio social

servicio social

Ex: As part of their high school curriculum, students are required to complete a certain number of hours of community service. 

Como parte de su currículo de secundaria, los estudiantes deben completar un cierto número de horas de servicio comunitario.

social worker
social worker
[Sustantivo]

someone who is employed to give advice to or provide help for those with family or financial problems

trabajador social

trabajador social

Ex: A social worker visited the shelter to provide counseling. 

Un trabajador social visitó el refugio para brindar asesoramiento.

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