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托福必备词汇 - 社会与社会问题

在这里,你将学习一些关于社会和社交问题的英语单词,如“贵族”、“宽容”、“女权主义”等,这些都是托福考试所需要的。

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
class
[名词]

a group of people having the same economic or social status in a particular society

阶级, 社会阶层

阶级, 社会阶层

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aristocracy
[名词]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

贵族, 贵族阶级

贵族, 贵族阶级

Ex: The aristocracy opposed many social reforms that threatened their privileges .**贵族**反对许多威胁他们特权的社会改革。
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noble
[形容词]

belonging to the highest social or political class

高贵的, 贵族的

高贵的, 贵族的

Ex: Despite their noble status , the family was known for their humility and generosity towards their subjects .尽管他们的**贵族**地位,这个家族以对臣民的谦逊和慷慨而闻名。
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civil
[形容词]

related to the citizens of a country

公民的, 民事的

公民的, 民事的

Ex: Civil discourse is essential for resolving societal conflicts peacefully .**公民**话语对于和平解决社会冲突至关重要。
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citizen
[名词]

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

公民, 国民

公民, 国民

Ex: The law applies to all citizens, regardless of their background .该法律适用于所有**公民**,无论其背景如何。
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status
[名词]

someone or something's professional or social position relative to that of others

地位, 身份

地位, 身份

Ex: She worked hard to achieve a higher status in her career.她努力工作以在职业生涯中获得更高的**地位**。
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welfare
[名词]

a financial aid provided by the government for people who are sick, unemployed, etc.

福利, 社会救助

福利, 社会救助

Ex: He applied for welfare after his injury prevented him from working .他在受伤无法工作后申请了**福利**。
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tolerance
[名词]

willingness to accept behavior or opinions that are against one's own

宽容

宽容

Ex: The festival celebrated cultural tolerance, showcasing traditions from various ethnic groups .这个节日庆祝文化**宽容**,展示了来自不同民族的传统。
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philanthropy
[名词]

the activity of helping people, particularly financially

慈善

慈善

Ex: His philanthropy helped countless families .他的**慈善事业**帮助了无数家庭。
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sexuality
[名词]

the qualities and activities that are related to sex

性, 性生活

性, 性生活

Ex: Discussing sexuality openly and respectfully promotes understanding and supports individuals in embracing their identities and experiences .开放且尊重地讨论**性**有助于增进理解,并支持个人接受自己的身份和经历。
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gender
[名词]

the fact or condition of being male, female or non-binary that people identify themselves with based on social and cultural roles

性别

性别

Ex: Society often expects people to conform to traditional gender roles in terms of behavior and appearance.社会常常期望人们在行为和外表上符合传统的**性别**角色。
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feminine
[形容词]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with women

女性的, 阴柔的

女性的, 阴柔的

Ex: David was drawn to the feminine energy of the artwork , which conveyed a sense of serenity and peace .大卫被艺术作品的**女性化**能量所吸引,它传达了一种宁静与和平的感觉。
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masculine
[形容词]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with men

阳刚的, 男性的

阳刚的, 男性的

Ex: The masculine scent of the cologne reminded Sarah of her father, evoking feelings of warmth and nostalgia.古龙水的**阳刚**气味让莎拉想起了她的父亲,唤起了温暖和怀旧的感觉。
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feminism
[名词]

the movement that supports equal treatment of men and women and believes women should have the same rights and opportunities

女权主义

女权主义

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race
[名词]

each of the main groups into which humans can be divided based on their physical attributes such as the color of their skin

种族, 族群

种族, 族群

Ex: Despite advances in understanding human genetics , race continues to play a significant role in society , influencing everything from social interactions to access to resources .尽管在理解人类遗传学方面取得了进展,**种族**在社会中仍然发挥着重要作用,影响着从社会互动到资源获取的一切。
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ethnicity
[名词]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

种族

种族

Ex: The festival showcases music , food , and art from various ethnicities around the world .这个节日展示了来自世界各地不同**民族**的音乐、食物和艺术。
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multicultural
[形容词]

relating to or involving several different cultures

多元文化的

多元文化的

Ex: The company fosters a multicultural work environment , valuing diversity and inclusion .
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‌the whole world considered as a small place because of being closely connected by modern communication systems

地球村, 全球村

地球村, 全球村

Ex: The concept of the global village emphasizes the need for cooperation and collaboration among nations to address common challenges and promote peace and prosperity for all .**地球村**的概念强调了国家间合作与协作的必要性,以应对共同挑战并促进所有人的和平与繁荣。
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inequality
[名词]

a situation where there is a lack of fairness or equal treatment between individuals or groups

不平等

不平等

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gender gap
[名词]

the differences between men and women's rights, opportunities, and treatment in society

性别差距, 性别差异

性别差距, 性别差异

Ex: Bridging the gender gap in technology fields requires addressing systemic barriers and biases that deter women from pursuing careers in STEM .缩小技术领域的**性别差距**需要解决系统性障碍和偏见,这些障碍和偏见阻碍女性追求STEM职业。
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to unfairly treat a person or group of people based on their sex, race, etc.

歧视

歧视

Ex: The school was criticized for discriminating against students of certain religious backgrounds .该学校因**歧视**某些宗教背景的学生而受到批评。
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diversity
[名词]

the practice of involving many people from different cultures, social backgrounds, sexual orientations, etc.

多样性

多样性

Ex: The school 's commitment to diversity is shown through its inclusive curriculum and extracurricular activities .学校对**多样性**的承诺通过其包容性课程和课外活动展现出来。
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superior
[形容词]

higher in status or rank in comparison with someone or something else

高级的, 优越的

高级的, 优越的

Ex: The superior diplomat represents the country in high-level international negotiations .**高级**外交官代表国家参加高级别的国际谈判。
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inferior
[形容词]

lower in rank or status in comparison with someone or something else

低等的, 下级的

低等的, 下级的

Ex: The team 's performance was deemed inferior to the competing teams in the tournament .该团队的表现被认为在比赛中**不如**竞争对手。
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segregation
[名词]

the policy of separating a group of people from the rest based on racial, sexual, or religious grounds and discriminating against them

隔离

隔离

Ex: The festival showcases music, food, and art from various ethnicities around the world.这个节日展示了来自世界各地不同民族的音乐、食物和艺术。
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homelessness
[名词]

the fact or condition of not having a home

无家可归, 流浪

无家可归, 流浪

Ex: She dedicated her career to raising awareness about homelessness and advocating for policy changes .她将职业生涯致力于提高人们对**无家可归**的认识并倡导政策变化。
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sexism
[名词]

an unfair treatment based on the belief that one gender, particularly female, is weaker, less intelligent, or less important than the other

性别歧视, 性别主义

性别歧视, 性别主义

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racism
[名词]

harmful or unfair actions, words, or thoughts directed at people of different races, often based on the idea that one’s own race is more intelligent, moral, or worthy

种族主义, 种族歧视

种族主义, 种族歧视

Ex: Racism in the police force has been a long-standing issue .警察队伍中的**种族主义**是一个长期存在的问题。
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alcoholism
[名词]

a medical condition caused by drinking an excessive amounts of alcohol on a regular basis

酗酒, 酒精中毒

酗酒, 酒精中毒

Ex: Research has shown a correlation between stress and an increased risk of alcoholism.研究表明压力与**酗酒**风险增加之间存在相关性。
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addiction
[名词]

the inability to stop using or doing something, particularly something harmful or unhealthy

成瘾, 上瘾

成瘾, 上瘾

Ex: Overcoming addiction requires commitment , perseverance , and ongoing support from healthcare professionals , friends , and family members .克服**成瘾**需要承诺、毅力和来自医疗专业人员、朋友和家庭成员的持续支持。
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a display of support for or protest against something or someone by a march or public meeting

示威

示威

Ex: The political party organized a demonstration to protest against corruption in government .该政党组织了一次**示威**,以抗议政府中的腐败。
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minority
[名词]

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

少数群体

少数群体

Ex: He is researching the history of minority communities in the area .他正在研究该地区**少数**群体的历史。
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prejudice
[名词]

an unreasonable opinion or judgment based on dislike felt for a person, group, etc., particularly because of their race, sex, etc.

偏见, 成见

偏见, 成见

Ex: The novel explores themes of prejudice and social inequality .这部小说探讨了**偏见**和社会不平等的主题。
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starvation
[名词]

a situation where a person or animal dies or greatly suffers from having no food for a long time

饥饿, 饿死

饥饿, 饿死

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slum
[名词]

(often plural) a very poor and overpopulated area of a city or town in which the houses are not in good condition

贫民窟, 棚户区

贫民窟, 棚户区

Ex: The government is implementing programs to improve living conditions in slums.政府正在实施改善**贫民窟**生活条件的计划。
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shelter
[名词]

a place in which very poor people are provided with food and housing

庇护所, 收容所

庇护所, 收容所

Ex: They created a temporary shelter for those affected by the disaster .他们为受灾者创建了一个临时**庇护所**。
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refugee
[名词]

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

难民, 流离失所者

难民, 流离失所者

Ex: The refugee crisis prompted discussions on humanitarian aid and global responsibility .**难民**危机引发了关于人道主义援助和全球责任的讨论。
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unpaid work done either as a form of punishment by a criminal or as a voluntary service by a citizen

社区服务, 公益劳动

社区服务, 公益劳动

Ex: He found fulfillment in community service, knowing that his efforts were making a positive impact on those in need .他在**社区服务**中找到了满足感,知道自己的努力正在对那些需要帮助的人产生积极影响。
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someone who is employed to give advice to or provide help for those with family or financial problems

社会工作者, 社工

社会工作者, 社工

Ex: She became a social worker to support underprivileged children .她成为了一名**社会工作者**来支持贫困儿童。
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托福必备词汇
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