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Základní Slovní Zásoba pro TOEFL - Společnost a Sociální Problémy

Zde se naučíte některá anglická slova o společnosti a sociálních otázkách, jako je "aristokracie", "tolerance", "feminismus" atd., která jsou potřebná pro zkoušku TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
class
class
[Podstatné jméno]

a group of people having the same economic or social status in a particular society

třída, sociální vrstva

třída, sociální vrstva

Ex: Many workers belong to the middle class. 
aristocracy
aristocracy
[Podstatné jméno]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

aristokracie, šlechta

aristokracie, šlechta

Ex: The event was attended by members of the aristocracy in elegant attire. 
noble
noble
[Přídavné jméno]

belonging to the highest social or political class

ušlechtilý, aristokratický

ušlechtilý, aristokratický

Ex: The noble family's ancestral estate showcased their centuries-old lineage and prestige. 
civil
civil
[Přídavné jméno]

related to the citizens of a country

občanský, civilní

občanský, civilní

Ex: Civil rights movements advocate for equality and justice for all citizens. 
citizen
citizen
[Podstatné jméno]

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

občan, státní příslušník

občan, státní příslušník

Ex: Every citizen has the right to vote in democratic elections. 
status
status
[Podstatné jméno]

someone or something's professional or social position relative to that of others

status, pozice

status, pozice

Ex: Her status as a respected scientist was well-deserved. 
welfare
welfare
[Podstatné jméno]

a financial aid provided by the government for people who are sick, unemployed, etc.

sociální dávky, blahobyt

sociální dávky, blahobyt

Ex: The government increased welfare benefits to support families during the economic downturn. 
tolerance
tolerance
[Podstatné jméno]

willingness to accept behavior or opinions that are against one's own

tolerance

tolerance

Ex: The community prided itself on its tolerance, welcoming people of all backgrounds and beliefs. 
philanthropy
philanthropy
[Podstatné jméno]

the activity of helping people, particularly financially

filantropie

filantropie

Ex: Her philanthropy funded new schools. 
sexuality
sexuality
[Podstatné jméno]

the qualities and activities that are related to sex

sexualita, sexuální život

sexualita, sexuální život

Ex: Sexuality encompasses a person's sexual orientation, preferences, and identity, which can be fluid and diverse. 
gender
gender
[Podstatné jméno]

the fact or condition of being male, female or non-binary that people identify themselves with based on social and cultural roles

pohlaví

pohlaví

Ex: Her research focused on the impact of gender on career opportunities in tech industries. 
feminine
feminine
[Přídavné jméno]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with women

ženský, femininní

ženský, femininní

Ex: The feminine dress was adorned with delicate lace and pastel colors. 
masculine
masculine
[Přídavné jméno]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with men

mužský, maskulinní

mužský, maskulinní

Ex: The masculine physique of the bodybuilder was evident in his strong muscles and broad shoulders. 
feminism
feminism
[Podstatné jméno]

the movement that supports equal rights and opportunities for women and men

feminismus, feministické hnutí

feminismus, feministické hnutí

Ex: She learned about feminism in school. 
race
race
[Podstatné jméno]

each of the main groups into which humans can be divided based on their physical attributes such as the color of their skin

rasa, etnická skupina

rasa, etnická skupina

Ex: While race can be a source of identity and pride for some, it has also been a source of division and oppression throughout history. 
ethnicity
ethnicity
[Podstatné jméno]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

etnicita

etnicita

Ex: The census form asked respondents to indicate their ethnicity. 
multicultural
multicultural
[Přídavné jméno]

relating to or involving several different cultures

multikulturní

multikulturní

Ex: The city is known for its vibrant and multicultural population. 
global village
global village
[Podstatné jméno]

‌the whole world considered as a small place because of being closely connected by modern communication systems

globální vesnice, světová vesnice

globální vesnice, světová vesnice

Ex: The internet has transformed the world into a global village, allowing people from different continents to communicate instantaneously. 
inequality
inequality
[Podstatné jméno]

a situation in which people or groups are not treated equally or fairly

nerovnost, nespravedlnost

nerovnost, nespravedlnost

Ex: Inequality exists in many parts of the world. 
gender gap
gender gap
[Podstatné jméno]

the differences between men and women's rights, opportunities, and treatment in society

genderová mezera, pohlavní rozdíl

genderová mezera, pohlavní rozdíl

Ex: The gender gap in pay persists, with women earning, on average, less than their male counterparts for the same work. 
to discriminate

to unfairly treat a person or group of people based on their sex, race, etc.

diskriminovat

diskriminovat

Ex: The company was accused of discriminating against women in its hiring practices. 
diversity
diversity
[Podstatné jméno]

the practice of involving many people from different cultures, social backgrounds, sexual orientations, etc.

rozmanitost

rozmanitost

Ex: The nonprofit organization promotes diversity by engaging volunteers from diverse backgrounds and experiences. 
superior
superior
[Přídavné jméno]

higher in status or rank in comparison with someone or something else

vyšší, nadřazený

vyšší, nadřazený

Ex: As the CEO, she held a superior position in the company hierarchy, overseeing all operations and making strategic decisions. 
inferior
inferior
[Přídavné jméno]

lower in rank or status in comparison with someone or something else

nižší, podřízený

nižší, podřízený

Ex: He felt that his position in the company was inferior to that of his more experienced colleagues. 
segregation
segregation
[Podstatné jméno]

a social system or practice that keeps minority groups separate from the majority, often through separate facilities or services

segregace, apartheid

segregace, apartheid

Ex: Segregation in schools was common in the southern United States. 
homelessness
homelessness
[Podstatné jméno]

the fact or condition of not having a home

bezdomovectví, bezdomovství

bezdomovectví, bezdomovství

Ex: The city has launched several initiatives to reduce homelessness and provide support to those in need. 
sexism
sexism
[Podstatné jméno]

the belief or behavior that one sex is less important, capable, or valuable than the other

sexismus, genderová diskriminace

sexismus, genderová diskriminace

Ex: She spoke out against sexism at work. 
racism
racism
[Podstatné jméno]

harmful or unfair actions, words, or thoughts directed at people of different races, often based on the idea that one’s own race is more intelligent, moral, or worthy

rasismus, rasová diskriminace

rasismus, rasová diskriminace

Ex: She experienced racism at her new job. 
alcoholism
alcoholism
[Podstatné jméno]

a medical condition caused by drinking an excessive amounts of alcohol on a regular basis

alkoholismus, závislost na alkoholu

alkoholismus, závislost na alkoholu

Ex: Alcoholism can impact a person's career, relationships, and overall well-being. 
addiction
addiction
[Podstatné jméno]

the inability to stop using or doing something, particularly something harmful or unhealthy

závislost, návyk

závislost, návyk

Ex: Addiction is a complex condition characterized by compulsive drug use or engagement in a behavior despite harmful consequences. 
demonstration
demonstration
[Podstatné jméno]

a display of support for or protest against something or someone by a march or public meeting

demonstrace

demonstrace

Ex: The demonstration against the new government policy drew thousands of participants to the city center. 
minority
minority
[Podstatné jméno]

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

menšina

menšina

Ex: The festival celebrated the traditions of local minority populations. 
prejudice
prejudice
[Podstatné jméno]

an unreasonable opinion or judgment based on dislike felt for a person, group, etc., particularly because of their race, sex, etc.

předsudek, straničnost

předsudek, straničnost

Ex: His remarks revealed a deep-seated prejudice against immigrants. 
starvation
starvation
[Podstatné jméno]

a situation where a person or animal dies or greatly suffers from having no food for a long time

hladovění, smrt hladem

hladovění, smrt hladem

slum
slum
[Podstatné jméno]

(often plural) a very poor and overpopulated area of a city or town in which the houses are not in good condition

slum, chudinská čtvrť

slum, chudinská čtvrť

Ex: He advocates for better housing solutions for people in slums. 
shelter
shelter
[Podstatné jméno]

a place in which very poor people are provided with food and housing

útulek, přístřeší

útulek, přístřeší

Ex: She donated to a local shelter for homeless individuals. 
refugee
refugee
[Podstatné jméno]

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

uprchlík, vysídlený

uprchlík, vysídlený

Ex: The refugee camp provided shelter and basic necessities to displaced families. 
community service
community service
[Podstatné jméno]

unpaid work done either as a form of punishment by a criminal or as a voluntary service by a citizen

veřejně prospěšné práce, dobrovolnická služba

veřejně prospěšné práce, dobrovolnická služba

Ex: After being convicted of vandalism, he was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. 
social worker
social worker
[Podstatné jméno]

someone who is employed to give advice to or provide help for those with family or financial problems

sociální pracovník, sociální pracovnice

sociální pracovník, sociální pracovnice

Ex: The social worker assisted families in need. 
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