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Vocabular Esențial pentru TOEFL - Societate și Probleme Sociale

Aici vei învăța câteva cuvinte în engleză despre societate și probleme sociale, cum ar fi "aristocrație", "toleranță", "feminism" etc., care sunt necesare pentru examenul TOEFL.

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Essential Words Needed for TOEFL
class
class
[substantiv]

a group of people having the same economic or social status in a particular society

clasă, strat social

clasă, strat social

Ex: She studied the differences between social classes. 
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aristocracy
aristocracy
[substantiv]

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

aristocrație, nobilime

aristocrație, nobilime

Ex: The event was attended by members of the aristocracy in elegant attire. 

Evenimentul a fost frecventat de membri ai aristocrației în ținută elegantă.

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noble
noble
[adjectiv]

belonging to a hereditary social class of high rank

Ex: Emma was born into a noble family with a long history in the region. 
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civil
civil
[adjectiv]

related to the citizens of a country

civil, cetățenesc

civil, cetățenesc

Ex: Civil rights movements advocate for equality and justice for all citizens. 

Mișcările pentru drepturile civile militează pentru egalitate și dreptate pentru toți cetățenii.

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citizen
citizen
[substantiv]

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

cetățean, național

cetățean, național

Ex: She became a citizen of the United States after passing the naturalization test. 
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status
status
[substantiv]

someone or something's professional or social position relative to that of others

statut, poziție

statut, poziție

Ex: Her status as a respected scientist was well-deserved. 

Statutul ei de om de știință respectat era pe deplin meritat.

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welfare
welfare
[substantiv]

a financial aid provided by the government for people who are sick, unemployed, etc.

asistență socială, bunăstare

asistență socială, bunăstare

Ex: She relied on welfare assistance while she was looking for a new job. 
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tolerance
tolerance
[substantiv]

willingness to accept behavior or opinions that are against one's own

toleranță

toleranță

Ex: The community prided itself on its tolerance, welcoming people of all backgrounds and beliefs. 

Comunitatea se mândrea cu toleranța sa, primind oameni din toate mediile și convingerile.

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philanthropy
philanthropy
[substantiv]

the activity of helping people, particularly financially

filantropie

filantropie

Ex: Her philanthropy funded new schools. 

Filantropia ei a finanțat școli noi.

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sexuality
sexuality
[substantiv]

the feelings, attitudes, behaviors, and activities connected with sex and sexual desire

sexualitate,  viața sexuală

sexualitate, viața sexuală

Ex: The course explores how culture influences human sexuality. 
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gender
gender
[substantiv]

the social or personal identity of being male, female, nonbinary, or another category

gen,  identitate de gen

gen, identitate de gen

Ex: The application asks users to select their gender. 
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feminine
feminine
[adjectiv]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with women

feminin, femenin

feminin, femenin

Ex: The feminine dress was adorned with delicate lace and pastel colors. 

Rochia feminină era împodobită cu dantelă delicată și culori pastelate.

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masculine
masculine
[adjectiv]

related to qualities, characteristics, or behaviors typically associated with men

masculin, bărbătesc

masculin, bărbătesc

Ex: The masculine physique of the bodybuilder was evident in his strong muscles and broad shoulders. 

Fizicul masculin al culturistului era evident în mușchii săi puternici și umerii săi lați.

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feminism
feminism
[substantiv]

the movement that supports equal rights and opportunities for women and men

feminism, mișcarea feministă

feminism, mișcarea feministă

Ex: She learned about feminism in school. 

Ea a învățat despre feminism la școală.

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race
race
[substantiv]

each of the main groups into which humans can be divided based on their physical attributes such as the color of their skin

rasă, grup etnic

rasă, grup etnic

Ex: While race can be a source of identity and pride for some, it has also been a source of division and oppression throughout history. 
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ethnicity
ethnicity
[substantiv]

the state of belonging to a certain ethnic group

etnie

etnie

Ex: The census form asked respondents to indicate their ethnicity. 

Formularul de recensământ le-a cerut respondenților să indice etnia lor.

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multicultural
multicultural
[adjectiv]

relating to or involving several different cultures

multicultural

multicultural

Ex: The city is known for its vibrant and multicultural population. 

Orașul este cunoscut pentru populația sa vibrantă și multiculturală.

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global village
global village
[substantiv]

‌the whole world considered as a small place because of being closely connected by modern communication systems

sat global, sat mondial

sat global, sat mondial

Ex: The internet has transformed the world into a global village, allowing people from different continents to communicate instantaneously. 

Internetul a transformat lumea într-un sat global, permițând oamenilor de pe diferite continente să comunice instantaneu.

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inequality
inequality
[substantiv]

an unfair difference in status, opportunities, resources, or treatment between people or groups

inegalitate,  nedreptate

inegalitate, nedreptate

Ex: The report highlights growing inequality between wealthy and low-income families. 
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gender gap
gender gap
[substantiv]

the differences between men and women's rights, opportunities, and treatment in society

decalajul de gen, diferența de gen

decalajul de gen, diferența de gen

Ex: Efforts to close the gender gap in education have led to increased access to schooling for girls in many parts of the world. 

Eforturile de a reduce decalajul de gen în educație au condus la o creștere a accesului la școlarizare pentru fete în multe părți ale lumii.

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to discriminate

to unfairly treat a person or group of people based on their sex, race, etc.

discrimina

discrimina

Ex: The company was accused of discriminating against women in its hiring practices. 

Compania a fost acuzată că discriminează femeile în practicile sale de angajare.

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diversity
diversity
[substantiv]

the practice of including people from a range of social, cultural, ethnic, and other backgrounds in a group or organization

diversitate, varietate

diversitate, varietate

Ex: The company has made diversity a priority in its hiring practices. 
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superior
superior
[adjectiv]

higher in rank, status, importance, or authority

superior,  mai înalt

superior, mai înalt

Ex: The officer reported the incident to a superior commander. 
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inferior
inferior
[adjectiv]

lower in rank or status in comparison with someone or something else

inferior, subaltern

inferior, subaltern

Ex: He felt that his position in the company was inferior to that of his more experienced colleagues. 

El simțea că poziția sa în companie era inferioară față de cea a colegilor săi mai experimentați.

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segregation
segregation
[substantiv]

a social system or practice that keeps minority groups separate from the majority, often through separate facilities or services

segregare, apartheid

segregare, apartheid

Ex: Segregation in schools was common in the southern United States. 

Segregarea în școli era comună în sudul Statelor Unite.

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homelessness
homelessness
[substantiv]

the fact or condition of not having a home

lipsei adăpostului, fără adăpost

lipsei adăpostului, fără adăpost

Ex: The city has launched several initiatives to reduce homelessness and provide support to those in need. 

Orașul a lansat mai multe inițiative pentru a reduce lipa de adăpost și pentru a oferi sprijin celor în nevoie.

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sexism
sexism
[substantiv]

the belief or behavior that one sex is less important, capable, or valuable than the other

sexism, discriminare de gen

sexism, discriminare de gen

Ex: She spoke out against sexism at work. 

Ea a vorbit împotriva sexismului la locul de muncă.

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racism
racism
[substantiv]

harmful or unfair actions, words, or thoughts directed at people of different races, often based on the idea that one's own race is more intelligent, moral, or worthy

Ex: He faced racism because of his skin color. 
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alcoholism
alcoholism
[substantiv]

a medical condition caused by drinking an excessive amounts of alcohol on a regular basis

alcoolism, dependenta de alcool

alcoolism, dependenta de alcool

Ex: Research has shown a correlation between stress and an increased risk of alcoholism. 

Cercetările au arătat o corelație între stres și un risc crescut de alcoolism.

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addiction
addiction
[substantiv]

the inability to stop using or doing something, particularly something harmful or unhealthy

dependență, obsesie

dependență, obsesie

Ex: Addiction is a complex condition characterized by compulsive drug use or engagement in a behavior despite harmful consequences. 

Dependența este o afecțiune complexă caracterizată prin consumul compulsiv de droguri sau implicarea într-un comportament în ciuda consecințelor dăunătoare.

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demonstration
demonstration
[substantiv]

a display of support for or protest against something or someone by a march or public meeting

demonstrație

demonstrație

Ex: Students organized a peaceful demonstration in solidarity with climate activists around the world. 
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minority
minority
[substantiv]

a small group of people who differ in race, religion, etc. and are often mistreated by the society

minoritate

minoritate

Ex: They discussed how to ensure equal opportunities for all, including minority members. 
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prejudice
prejudice
[substantiv]

an unfair and unreasonable opinion or attitude formed without sufficient knowledge or consideration

prejudecată,  prevenire

prejudecată, prevenire

Ex: The campaign aims to reduce prejudice against people with disabilities. 
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starvation
starvation
[substantiv]

a situation where a person or animal dies or greatly suffers from having no food for a long time

foame, moarte din cauza foamei

foame, moarte din cauza foamei

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slum
slum
[substantiv]

(often plural) a very poor and overpopulated area of a city or town in which the houses are not in good condition

cartier sărac, ghetou

cartier sărac, ghetou

Ex: He advocates for better housing solutions for people in slums. 

El militează pentru soluții de locuințe mai bune pentru oamenii care trăiesc în cartiere sărace.

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shelter
shelter
[substantiv]

a building that provides temporary accommodation and assistance to people who have no safe place to live

adăpost

adăpost

Ex: David spent several nights at a homeless shelter after losing his apartment. 
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refugee
refugee
[substantiv]

a person forced to leave their country or home to escape war, persecution, or serious danger

refugiat,  refugiată

refugiat, refugiată

Ex: The family crossed the border as refugees after fighting reached their town. 
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community service
community service
[substantiv]

unpaid work done either as a form of punishment by a criminal or as a voluntary service by a citizen

serviciu comunitrar, muncă în folosul comunității

serviciu comunitrar, muncă în folosul comunității

Ex: After being convicted of vandalism, he was sentenced to 100 hours of community service. 

După ce a fost condamnat pentru vandalism, a fost condamnat la 100 de ore de muncă în folosul comunității.

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social worker
social worker
[substantiv]

someone who is employed to give advice to or provide help for those with family or financial problems

asistent social, lucrător social

asistent social, lucrător social

Ex: The social worker assisted families in need. 

Asistentul social a ajutat familiile în nevoie.

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